Resources for School of Plant and Environmental Sciences
Title | Available As | Summary | Date | ID | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Cotton | Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. One Palmer amaranth per 30 foot of row can reduce cotton yield by 6 to 12%. |
Sep 22, 2020 | 2805-1001 (SPES-266NP) | ||
Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Cotton | Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. One Palmer amaranth per 30 foot of row can reduce cotton yield by 6 to 12%. |
Sep 22, 2020 | 2805-1001 (SPES-266NP) | ||
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybeans | Mar 20, 2020 | 2808-1006 (SPES-194NP) | |||
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control in Soybeans | Mar 20, 2020 | 2808-1006 (SPES-194NP) | |||
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1033NP | |||
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1033NP | |||
American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea (prior name C. lutea)) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1034NP | |||
American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea (prior name C. lutea)) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1034NP | |||
Evergreen Azalea (Rhododendron species) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1035NP | |||
Evergreen Azalea (Rhododendron species) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1035NP | |||
Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1036NP | |||
Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1036NP | |||
Cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus `Otto Luyken') | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1038NP | |||
Cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus `Otto Luyken') | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1038NP | |||
Cotoneaster | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1039NP | |||
Cotoneaster | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1039NP | |||
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1040NP | |||
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1040NP | |||
Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1041NP | |||
Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1041NP | |||
Drooping Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1042NP | |||
Drooping Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1042NP | |||
European White Birch (Betula pendula) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1043NP | |||
European White Birch (Betula pendula) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1043NP | |||
Flowering Quince | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1044NP | |||
Flowering Quince | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1044NP | |||
Fraser Photinia, Red Tip | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1045NP | |||
Fraser Photinia, Red Tip | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1045NP | |||
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1046NP | |||
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1046NP | |||
Goldenraintree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1047NP | |||
Goldenraintree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1047NP | |||
Green Ash | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1048NP | |||
Green Ash | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1048NP | |||
Japanese Maple | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1049NP | |||
Japanese Maple | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1049NP | |||
Japanese Barberry | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1050NP | |||
Japanese Barberry | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1050NP | |||
Japanese Camillia (Camellia japonica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1051NP | |||
Japanese Camillia (Camellia japonica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1051NP | |||
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1052NP | |||
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1052NP | |||
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1053NP | |||
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1053NP | |||
Leatherleaf Viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1054NP | |||
Leatherleaf Viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1054NP | |||
Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1055NP | |||
Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1055NP | |||
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1056NP | |||
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1056NP | |||
London Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1057NP | |||
London Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1057NP | |||
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1058NP | |||
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1058NP | |||
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1059 | |||
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1059 | |||
Old Fashioned Weigela (Weigela florida) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1060 | |||
Old Fashioned Weigela (Weigela florida) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1060 | |||
Oregon Grape Holly (Mahonia) (Mahonia aquifolium) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1061 | |||
Oregon Grape Holly (Mahonia) (Mahonia aquifolium) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1061 | |||
Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1062 | |||
Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1062 | |||
Privet (Ligustrum species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1063 | |||
Privet (Ligustrum species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1063 | |||
Red Maple (Acer rubrum) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1064 | |||
Red Maple (Acer rubrum) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1064 | |||
Evergreen Rhododendron (Rhododendron species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1065 | |||
Evergreen Rhododendron (Rhododendron species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1065 | |||
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea (Hibiscus syriacus) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1066 | |||
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea (Hibiscus syriacus) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1066 | |||
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1067 | |||
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1067 | |||
Smokebush, Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1068 | |||
Smokebush, Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1068 | |||
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1069 | |||
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1069 | |||
Southern Waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1070 | |||
Southern Waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1070 | |||
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1071 | |||
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1071 | |||
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1072 | |||
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1072 | |||
Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1073 | |||
Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1073 | |||
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1074 | |||
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1074 | |||
Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1075 | |||
Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1075 | |||
White Oak (Quercus alba) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1076 | |||
White Oak (Quercus alba) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1076 | |||
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1077 | |||
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1077 | |||
Wintercreeper Euonymus (Eunymus fortunei) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1078 | |||
Wintercreeper Euonymus (Eunymus fortunei) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1078 | |||
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria ) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1079 | |||
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria ) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1079 | |||
Sell Cut Flowers from Perennial Summer-flowering Bulbs | Jan 25, 2019 | 2906-1370 (SPES-101NP) | |||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Five: Understanding Ammonia Volatilization from Fertilizers | Loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia gas (NH3) is known as volatilization. While
volatilization directly from soil can occur, such loss is generally relatively small
compared to the amount that can be lost from fertilizers. Volatilization losses can be
significant with granular urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) sources, but the amount
of loss varies greatly depending on placement of the fertilizer, soil pH, soil texture,
and climatic conditions after application. |
Sep 29, 2020 | 2908-1404 (SPES-264NP) | ||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Six - Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Properties | Nov 16, 2018 | 2908-1405 (SPES-78NP) | |||
Tools to More Efficiently Manage In-Season Corn Nitrogen Needs | Nov 16, 2018 | 2909-1410 (SPES-80NP) | |||
Pop-up and/or Starter Fertilizers for Corn | Nov 16, 2018 | 3002-1438 (SPES-77NP) | |||
Effects of Twin-Row Spacing on Corn Silage Growth Development and Yield in the Shenandoah Valley | Nov 16, 2018 | 3003-1440 (SPES-79NP) | |||
Austrian Pine, Pinus nigra | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1462 | |||
Bigleaf Hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1463 | |||
Bradford Callery Pear (and other cultivars) Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1464 | |||
Canadian Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1465 | |||
Carolina Silverbell, Halesia carolina (formerly H. tetraptera) | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1466 | |||
Cedars, Cedrus spp. | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1467 | |||
Chastetree, Monk’s Pepper Tree, Vitex agnus-castus | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1468 | |||
Chinese Juniper, Juniperus chinensis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1469 | |||
Colorado Spruce, Picea pungens var. glauca | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1470 | |||
Common Periwinkle, Lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1471 | |||
Cornelian Cherry Dogwood, Cornus mas | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1472 | |||
Creeping Juniper, Juniperus horizontalis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1473 | |||
Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1474 | |||
Dwarf Alberta Spruce, Picea glauca ‘Conica’ | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1475 | |||
Eastern Arborvitae, American Arborvitae, White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1476 | |||
Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1477 | |||
English Ivy, Hedera helix | Oct 24, 2018 | 3010-1478NP | |||
European Cranberrybush Viburnum (Guelder Rose), Viburnum opulus | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1479NP | |||
European Hornbeam, Carpinus betulus | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1480NP | |||
European Larch, Larix decidua | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1481NP | |||
Evergreen Hollies, (Ilex spp.) | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1482NP | |||
Flowering Crabapple | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1483NP | |||
Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1484NP | |||
Franklinia | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1485NP | |||
Garden Sumacs, Rhus spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1486NP | |||
Giant Arborviatae, Western Arborvitae | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1487NP | |||
Glossy Abelia | May 1, 2023 | 3010-1488NP | |||
Heaths (several species of Erica) and Heathers (Calluna vulgaris) | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1489NP | |||
Japanese Garden Juniper | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1490NP | |||
Japanese Pachysandra, Japanese Spurge | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1491NP | |||
Japanese Pieris | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1492NP | |||
Lilacs | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1493NP | |||
Mountain-Laurel | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1494NP | |||
Mugo Pine, Pinus mugo | Sep 17, 2018 | 3010-1495NP | |||
Oriental Arborvitae, Thuja orientalis (also known as Platycladus orientalis) | Sep 18, 2018 | 3010-1496NP | |||
Red Twig Dogwoods, Tatarian Dogwood (Cornus alba) and Redosier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) | Sep 21, 2018 | 3010-1497NP | |||
Shore Juniper | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1498NP | |||
White Fringetree, Old-man’s-beard | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1499NP | |||
Yews, Taxus spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1500NP | |||
Yuccas, Yucca spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1501NP | |||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Two: Nitrogen Fertilizer Injection in No-Till Systems | Liquid nitrogen fertilizers have typically been surface applied. This method of
application places the fertilizer where the urea nitrogen component of the solution is
susceptible to volatilization losses. |
Sep 22, 2020 | 3011-1516 (SPES-265NP) | ||
Agromyzid Leafminers | Mar 1, 2021 | 3104-1554 (ENTO-437NP) | |||
Choosing Community-Based Services for Older Adults and Their Families | May 1, 2019 | 350-252(FCS-130P) | |||
Virtual Farm to Table: Potatoes | Aug 3, 2020 | 4H-919NP | |||
Virginia Virtual Farm to Table: Herbs | Aug 19, 2020 | 4H-920 | |||
Virginia Farm to Table: Wine and Lamb | Sep 4, 2020 | 4H-926NP | |||
Virginia Virtual Farm to Table: Greenhouse and Nursery Ornamentals | Oct 27, 2020 | 4H-934NP | |||
Virginia Virtual Farm to Table: Pumpkins | Oct 26, 2020 | 4H-937NP | |||
Warm-Season Annual Grasses for Summer Forage | Apr 1, 2019 | 418-004 (SPES-88P) | |||
Nitrogen Soil Testing For Corn in Virginia | Apr 6, 2023 | 418-016 (SPES-484P) | |||
Fertilizing Cool-Season Forages with Poultry Litter versus Commercial Fertilizer | Aug 30, 2019 | 418-142 | |||
Growing Pears in Virginia | Pears are the second most important deciduous tree fruit after apple, and it has been grown in Europe since prehistoric times. Pears belong to the genus Pyrus and probably originated near the Black and Caspian Seas. French and English colonists brought pears to America and the first record of pears in the North America was in Massachusetts in 1630. Although pear is a popular fruit, it is not grown as widely as apple. Pears can be grown throughout much of North America because they tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions. |
Sep 14, 2020 | 422-017 (SPES-257P) | ||
Growing Cherries in Virginia | Cherries are grown in many parts of the world, but they have never gained the popularity in North America that they have in Europe and the Middle East. Cherries probably originated in the region between the Caspian and Black Seas, where trees still grow in the wild. |
Sep 21, 2020 | 422-018 (SPES-258P) | ||
Growing Peaches and Nectarines in Virginia | An orchard is a long-term investment and careful planning is essential to ensure economic success. Establishing and maintaining a peach planting to bearing age (three years) costs about $3,500 per acre. Mistakes made at planting often cannot be corrected; other mistakes that can be corrected could seriously jeopardize the economic success of the orchard. Because profit margins for commercial fruit plantings are small, orchards should be established only under the most favorable conditions for success. |
Aug 17, 2020 | 422-019 (SPES-232P) | ||
Pruning Peach Trees | Annual pruning is a critical management practice for
producing easily harvested, heavy crops of high quality
peaches. However, pruning is not a substitute for other
orchard practices such as fertilization, irrigation, and
pest control. Pruning practices vary slightly in different
regions of the United States, but have changed little in
the East during the past 70 years. Although pruning may
vary slightly for different varieties and localities, certain
general practices should be followed. The successful
pruner must understand the principles of plant growth,
the natural growth habit of the tree, and how the tree
will respond to certain types of pruning cuts. Improper
pruning will reduce yield and fruit quality. |
Jul 15, 2020 | 422-020 (SPES-221P) | ||
Training and Pruning Apple Trees | Proper training and pruning of trees is a major component
of a profitable apple orchard operation. Successful
pruning is an art based upon scientific principles of
tree growth and physiology and an experienced understanding
of tree response to various pruning cuts and
practices. Each tree is an individual and should be
treated accordingly. Varieties differ in growth characteristics
and response to pruning cuts, rootstocks, soil,
and growing conditions. It is important that orchard
designs, objectives, and goals be clearly defined and that
pruning principles are developed accordingly. Mediumto
high-density plantings require greater commitment to
detailed training and pruning than low-density orchards
and should not be attempted unless such a commitment
is made. |
Jul 15, 2020 | 422-021(SPES-222P) | ||
Growing Apples in Virginia | Growing apples in the home garden can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience, but consistent production of high quality fruit requires knowledge of tree and fruit growth and a willingness to perform certain practices at the appropriate time. Virginia is on the southern fringe of the U. S. apple producing region. Most apple varieties produce the highest quality fruit when night-time temperatures are cool (less than 60°F) at harvest time. Apples grown under warmer conditions tend to be large, soft, poorly colored, and less flavorful than when grown under cooler conditions. Our warm humid summers are also conducive for infection of many diseases. For these reasons, the best Virginia apples are grown at elevations higher than 800 feet above sea level in the western part of the state. However, even apples grown in eastern Virginia usually have quality superior to apples purchased in the supermarkets. |
Aug 17, 2020 | 422-023 (SPES-233P) | ||
Training and Pruning Apple Trees in Intensive Orchards | Since the mid 1970s in the U. S., the number of apple trees per acre in new orchards has gradually been increasing. Orchard intensification is motivated by the desire to produce fruit early in the life of the orchard to rapidly recover establishment costs. Intensification is possible by using dwarfing rootstocks that control tree size, induce early cropping, and produce large quantities of fruit relative to the amount of wood produced. |
Aug 17, 2020 | 422-024 (SPES-234P) | ||
Physiology of Pruning Fruit Trees | Woody plants are pruned to maintain a desired size and shape and to promote a certain type of growth. Ornamental plants are pruned to improve the aesthetic quality of the plant, but fruit trees are pruned to improve fruit quality by encouraging an appropriate balance between vegetative (wood) and reproductive (fruiting) growth. |
Aug 17, 2020 | 422-025 (SPES-235P) | ||
Peach and Nectarine Varieties for Virginia | Peach and nectarine are both members of the genus and species Prunus persica, and probably differ by only a single gene for skin pubescence (hairs on the fruit surface). One probably originated as a mutation of the other, but we do not know which came first. The species originated in China and was taken by traders from there into Persia, Greece, Italy, and other temperate areas of Europe. Peach and nectarine varieties may have yellow or white flesh. In Virginia different varieties ripen over a wide range of dates, from early June until mid-September. Varieties also differ in fruit size, susceptibility to some diseases and susceptibility to low winter temperatures, chilling requirements, and fruit disorders such as fruit cracking and split-pit. Descriptions of some of these characteristics are included in the next section of this publication. |
Aug 17, 2020 | 422-762 (SPES-236P) | ||
Growing Small Grains for Forage in Virginia | Dec 19, 2018 | 424-006 (SPES-81P) | |||
Growing Hulless Barley in the Mid-Atlantic | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-022 | |||
Growing Bread Wheat in the Mid-Atlantic Region | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-024 | |||
Nitrogen Management for Winter Wheat: Principles and Recommendations | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-026(SPES-82P) | |||
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilization of Corn | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-027 | |||
Phosphorus, Agriculture & The Environment | Jan 24, 2019 | 424-029 | |||
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-030 | |||
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-030 | |||
Corn Planting Dates in the Piedmont and Valley Regions of Virginia: How Early is Early? | Early-planted corn generally produces higher yields than later-planted corn due to improved utilization of sunlight during the long days of June and July, assuming moisture is adequate. Also, silage harvest can begin earlier and drying costs are reduced for grain corn; and earlier harvest enables growers to begin preparation for the fall seeding of small grain crops. |
Mar 29, 2019 | 424-032 | ||
Corn Planting Dates in the Virginia Coastal Plain: How early is early? | Feb 13, 2019 | 424-033 | |||
Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates | Aug 30, 2019 | 424-035 | |||
Tips for Profitable Variety Selection: How to Use Data From Different Types of Variety Trials | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-040 | |||
Deep Tillage Prior to No-Till Corn: Research and Recommendations | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-053 | |||
Understanding Pre-harvest Sprouting of Wheat | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-060 | |||
Agronomy Handbook, 2000 | May 1, 2009 | 424-100 |
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Nitrogen Fertilization of Winter Barley: Principles and Recommendations | Jan 24, 2019 | 424-801 | |||
Plant Propagation from Seed | Oct 11, 2019 | 426-001 | |||
Propagation by Cuttings, Layering and Division | Oct 11, 2019 | 426-002 | |||
Container and Raised-Bed Gardening | Nov 5, 2018 | 426-020 | |||
Jardinería en macetas y camas elevadas (Container and Raised Bed Gardening) | La jardinería en macetas le permite tener y disfrutar de muchas plantas ornamentales y cuando no puede cultivarlas directamente en la tierra. Puede utilizar plantas cultivadas en macetas en entradas, patios, terrazas, azoteas, jardines, interiores o en cualquier lugar donde necesite añadir un componente vivo para mejorar el atractivo de una zona. Cada maceta plantada tendrá su propia personalidad; puede crear un paisaje en cada maceta. Pueden ser impresionantes o sutiles, grandes o pequeñas. Las plantas y las macetas ofrecen combinaciones ilimitadas de tamaño, color, forma y textura que pueden dar a su entorno interior y exterior un aspecto más agradable desde el punto de vista estético. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-020s (SPES-428P) | ||
What Is a Watershed? | This publication defines watersheds, why they are important to everyone, and how people positively and negatively impact them. |
Sep 11, 2023 | 426-041 (SPES-2P) | ||
Winterizing the Water Garden | Water gardens require maintenance throughout the year. Preparation for the winter months is especially important for the survival of both the aquatic plants and the wildlife in and around the pond. Some plants will not tolerate winter weather and must be removed from the pond while cold-hardy plants need only to be completely immersed in the pond. Debris such as leaves and dying plants must be removed, especially if there are fish in the pond. Fall is the time to take action. Prepare the pond for the winter months by managing the plants, cleaning the pond, and monitoring the water conditions. If treated properly, many aquatic plants and wildlife can survive in the water garden for years. |
Mar 1, 2020 | 426-042 (SPES-261P) | ||
Rain Garden Plants | A rain garden is a landscaped area specially designed to collect rainfall and storm-water runoff. The plants and soil in the rain garden clean pollutants from the water as it seeps into the ground and evaporates back into the atmosphere. For a rain garden to work, plants must be selected, installed, and maintained properly. |
Dec 21, 2018 | 426-043 (SPES-57P) | ||
Urban Water-Quality Management: Wildlife in the Home Pond Garden | Small home pond gardens support aquatic plants and also attract a variety of wildlife. Turtles, frogs, birds, snakes, lizards, and raccoons as well as many other animals may use these ponds. Most wildlife needs water to survive and will seek out ponds for drinking, bathing, habitat, and in some cases, reproduction. |
Sep 2, 2020 | 426-045 (HORT-126P) | ||
The Effect of Landscape Plants on Perceived Home Value | The value of an attractive landscape to a home’s perceived value has often been stated at 15 percent. Is this figure reliable, and what landscape features do contribute to the value of a home? How does a landscape contractor convince his/her client to spend a significant portion of a home’s construction budget on landscaping, and is this a wise investment? How can a homeowner feel justified by spending thousands of dollars to landscape a newly constructed house? Or, will thousands of dollars worth of landscaping, significantly increase the “curb appeal” of a home for sale? To answer these questions, researchers conducted a seven-state survey of attendees at consumer home and garden shows to determine consumer perspective on how plant size, type, and design sophistication in a landscape affect the perceived value of a home (Behe et al., 2005). |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-087 | ||
Indoor Plant Culture | Select only those plants that appear to be free of pests. Check the undersides of the foliage and the junction of leaf and stem for signs of insects or disease. Select plants that look sturdy, clean, and well-potted. Choose plants with healthy foliage. Avoid plants with yellow or chlorotic leaves, brown leaf margins, wilted foliage, spots or blotches, or spindly growth. In addition, avoid those with torn leaves. Plants that have new flower and leaf buds along with young growth are usually of superior quality. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-100 | ||
Care of Specialty Potted Plants | Dec 12, 2022 | 426-101 (SPES-449P) | |||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 1: Rooftop Disconnection | Dec 4, 2019 | 426-120 (BSE-269P) | |||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 2: Sheet Flow to Open Space | Sheet flow to open space (SOS) is a group of best management practices (BMPs) designed to disperse concentrated runoff to sheet flow into filter strips or a riparian buffer. An SOS reduces runoff volume and associated sediment and nutrients that are carried with it (see figure 1). It is used as a stormwater treatment practice in both urban and rural areas. This practice is often used after another treatment practice to disperse or eliminate runoff. In a few cases, an SOS can be used as a pretreatment to remove small amounts of sediment via a vegetated filter strip — prior to a bioretention device, for example. |
Dec 4, 2019 | 426-121 (BSE-270P) | ||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 3: Grass Channels | Dec 11, 2019 | 426-122 (BSE-271P) | |||
Best Management Practice Fact Sheet 8: Infiltration Practices | Infiltration practices provide temporary surface and/or
subsurface storage, allowing infiltration of runoff into
soils. In practice, an excavated trench is usually filled
with gravel or stone media, where runoff is stored in
pore spaces or voids between the stones (see figure
1). These systems can reduce significant quantities of
stormwater by enhancing infiltration, as well as provide
filtering and adsorption of pollutants within the
stone media and soils. Infiltration practices are part of
a group of stormwater treatment practices, also known
as best management practices (BMPs) |
Dec 4, 2019 | 426-127 (BSE-276P) | ||
Seed For The Garden | Apr 8, 2022 | 426-316 (SPES-392P) | |||
Fertilizing the Vegetable Garden | The amount of fertilizer to apply to a garden depends
on the natural fertility of the soil, the amount of
organic matter present, the type of fertilizer used, and
the crop being grown. The best way to determine
fertilizer needs is to have the soil tested. Soil testing is
available through your local Extension agent, through
private labs, and with soil test kits which can be
purchased from garden shops and catalogs. |
Jan 14, 2021 | 426-323 (SPES-295P) | ||
Virginia’s Home Garden Vegetable Planting Guide: Recommended Planting Dates and Amounts to Plant | Jan 21, 2020 | 426-331 (SPES-170P) | |||
Guía para cultivar una huerta de hortalizas en Virginia: Fechas de cultivo y cantidades recomendadas para plantar (Virginia’s Home Garden Vegetable Planting Guide: Recommended Planting Dates and Amounts to Plant) | Jan 21, 2020 | 426-331 (SPES-170P) | |||
Intensive Gardening Methods | Nov 6, 2023 | 426-335 | |||
Métodos de huerta intensiva (Intensive Gardening Methods) | El objetivo de la jardinería intensiva es cosechar la mayor cantidad posible de productos en un espacio limitado. Las huertas más tradicionales constan de largas hileras de hortalizas muy separadas entre sí. Gran parte de la superficie de la huerta está ocupada por el espacio entre las hileras. Una huerta intensiva minimiza el espacio desperdiciado. La práctica de la huerta intensiva no es solo para los que tienen un espacio limitado en el jardín; más bien, una huerta intensiva concentra sus esfuerzos de trabajo para crear un entorno ideal para las plantas, lo que brinda mejores rendimientos. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-335s (SPES-427P) | ||
Sprouting Seeds for Food | Seeds themselves are a very nutritious form of food because they contain proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and oils that a beginning plant needs to grow. Many of these nutritious components are increased greatly when the seeds are sprouted. |
Apr 6, 2022 | 426-419 (SPES-394P) | ||
Herb Culture and Use | Oct 11, 2019 | 426-420 | |||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Rare and Unusual Trees | There are many tree species that can be successfully
grown in Virginia, but are rarely seen in our landscapes.
Although not ordinarily recommended or readily available,
these trees may be useful to carry out a specific landscape
theme, to substitute for an exotic type which is not locally
adapted, or may be prized for unusual form, flowers, fruits,
bark, or foliage. |
May 19, 2021 | 426-604 (SPES-320P) | ||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers | Landscapes are composed of plants that form ceilings, walls, and floors spaces. Groundcovers serve as attractive carpets of foliage that cloak and beautify our landscape “floors” (fig. 1). A groundcover is a low-growing plant species — 3 feet tall or shorter — that spreads to form a relatively dense layer of vegetation. In covering bare soil, groundcovers reduce soil erosion and provide habitat for insects and other animals, along with a host of other positive environmental effects. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-609 (HORT-31P) | ||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Flowering Trees | May 19, 2021 | 426-611 (SPES-321P) | |||
Getting Started in the Production of Field-Grown, Specialty Cut Flowers | Specialty cut flowers are one of the most profitable field
crops you can grow. Lynn Byczynski, editor of Growing
For Market newsletter (see Resources section),
estimates a value of $25,000 to $35,000 per acre for
field-grown cuts. The most basic requirements are at
least half an acre of open, arable land, a rototiller, and,
of course, time and effort. This publication is directed to
those new to market gardening, but commercial vegetable
growers, tobacco farmers, and young people interested
in summer income are all potential candidates.
Even grain and livestock farmers have increased profitability
in their operations by adding cut flower production.
For many greenhouse and nursery operations,
mid-summer business is slower, relative to spring. A
field-grown cut flower business is a viable option to fill
in the summer production and cash flow gap. |
Nov 13, 2019 | 426-618 (SPES-171P) | ||
Shrubs: Functions, Planting, and Maintenance | What is a shrub? A shrub is generally considered a multi-stem woody plant that is less than 15 feet tall. Of course, this and other plant size categories are definitions contrived by humans to categorize nature. What is the difference between a large shrub and a small tree? In many cases, there is none. A shrub does not become a tree just because it grows higher than 15 feet. Classifying plants into ground cover, shrub, and tree designations are aids to allow us to conveniently classify and describe plants, albeit with a significant amount of ambiguity. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-701 | ||
Making Compost from Yard Waste | Sep 2, 2022 | 426-703 (SPES-393P) | |||
Using Compost in Your Landscape | Mar 13, 2021 | 426-704 (SPES-304P) | |||
Creating a Water-Wise Landscape | Feb 2, 2021 | 426-713 (HORT-200P) | |||
Diagnosing Plant Problems | Something is wrong with your plant. What’s the cause? You can begin to determine the cause of the problem by taking on the role of Sherlock Holmes – be a keen observer and ask many questions. Diagnosing plant problems is often a difficult task. There can be many different causes for a given symptom, not all of them related to insects or diseases. The health of a plant may be affected by soil nutrition and texture, weather conditions, quantity of light, other environmental and cultural conditions, and animals, including humans. Complicating this scenario is the fact that any two of the above factors can interact to give rise to a problem. For example, a prolonged period of drought may weaken plants so that they are more susceptible to pests; this is typically observed with boxwoods. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-714 | ||
The Value of Landscaping | Landscaping is an integral part of our culture and plays an essential role in the quality of our environment, affecting our economic well-being and our physical and psychological health. If we are to keep our communities strong and prosperous, we must take responsibility for our environment. |
Sep 23, 2022 | 426-721 (SPES-404) | ||
Home Landscape Practices to Protect Water Quality | In Virginia, we rely on reservoir systems, wells, and other sources for our freshwater.
In recent years, our previously plentiful clean water supplies have been threatened
not only by overuse, but also by contamination. Pollutants are carried down with water
soaking through the soil to the water table. Runoff (water that does not soak into the
ground) flows over the surface, often taking soil and polluting chemicals with it into
lakes and streams. |
Dec 12, 2022 | 426-723 (SPES-439NP) | ||
Small Fruit in the Home Garden | As a general rule, plant selection and production area
in a home garden should be limited to what you can
properly care for. It is better to have a small, welltended
planting area rather than a large, neglected
one. Small fruits offer certain advantages over fruit
trees for home culture because small fruits require
less space for the amount of fruit produced, and they
bear fruit one or two years after planting. Success with
small-fruit planting will depend on the attention given
to all phases of production, including crop and variety
selection, site selection, soil management, fertilization,
pruning, and pest management. |
May 5, 2022 | 426-840 (SPES-399P) | ||
Summer Lawn Management: Watering the Lawn | Apr 1, 2019 | 430-010 (SPES-126P) | |||
Lawn Fertilization in Virginia | Jun 21, 2021 | 430-011 (SPES-334NP) | |||
Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs | Maintenance programs should be developed for trees and shrubs in both residential and commercial landscapes. A good maintenance program includes monitoring and controlling insect and disease problems, suppressing weed competition, and making timely applications of water, mulch, and fertilizer. Tree and shrub fertilization is especially important in urban and suburban areas of Virginia where soils have been altered due to construction. These urban soils tend to be heavily compacted, poorly aerated, poorly drained, and low in organic matter. Even where soils have not been affected, fertilization may be needed as part of a maintenance program to increase plant vigor or to improve root or top growth. |
Jul 12, 2021 | 430-018 (HORT-120P) | ||
Fertilización de árboles y arbustos (Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs) | Los árboles y arbustos necesitan nutrientes para crecer
y estar sanos. Los tres nutrientes más importantes son
nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Un análisis de suelos es
siempre la mejor manera de saber qué nutrientes se
necesitan y la cantidad necesaria de cada uno. |
Jul 12, 2021 | 430-018S (SPES-338P) | ||
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites -- Air Pollution | Aug 10, 2020 | 430-022 (HORT-123P) | |||
Trees and Shrubs that Tolerate Saline Soils and Salt Spray Drift | Concentrated sodium (Na), a component of salt, can damage plant tissue whether it contacts above or below ground parts. High salinity can reduce plant growth and may even cause plant death. Care should be taken to avoid excessive salt accumulation from any source on tree and shrub roots, leaves or stems. Sites with saline (salty) soils, and those that are exposed to coastal salt spray or paving de-icing materials, present challenges to landscapers and homeowners. |
Aug 19, 2021 | 430-031 (SPES-342P) | ||
Mowing To Recycle Grass Clippings: Let the Clips Fall Where They May! | Jul 8, 2021 | 430-402 (SPES-337P) | |||
Pruning Crapemyrtles | Apr 19, 2022 | 430-451 (SPES-387P) | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning: Pruning Deciduous Trees | May 18, 2022 | 430-456 (SPES-403P) | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Evergreen Trees | May 17, 2022 | 430-457 (SPES-402P) | |||
Fall Lawn Care | The fall season is an important transition period of turfgrass growth and development, and the management of your warm- and cool-season grasses at this time of year means a great deal in terms of anticipated success in your lawn the following spring. |
Jul 20, 2020 | 430-520 (SPES-223P) | ||
"Leave" Them Alone: Lawn Leaf Management | Jul 10, 2020 | 430-521 (SPES-212P) | |||
Impact of Changing From Nitrogen- to Phosphorus-Based Manure Nutrient Management Plans | Aug 30, 2019 | 442-310 | |||
Farm Security - “Treat it Seriously” – Security for Plant Agriculture: Producer Response for Plant Diseases, Chemical Contamination, and Unauthorized Activity | Oct 11, 2019 | 445-004 | |||
On-Site Sewage Treatment Alternatives | Oct 19, 2023 | 448-407 (SPES-520P) | |||
Supermarkets as Alternative Market Outlets for Virginia-Grown Berries | Feb 28, 2019 | 448-508 (SPES-121NP) | |||
Plant Disease Diagnostic Form | Plant Disease Diagnostic Form |
Jun 16, 2023 | 450-097 (SPES-487NP) | ||
Instructions for Completing the Plant Disease Diagnostic Form (#450-097) | The Plant Disease Diagnostic Form was designed to accommodate a wide variety of plants and growing situations; therefore, certain entries on this form may not be appropriate for a particular specimen or situation. Much of the information requested helps reconstruct the "field situation" for the diagnostician. Consider each section of the form carefully; the information provides important clues to the diagnostician that are significant in guiding the diagnostic process and formulating the control recommendation. Your local Extension office staff can assist you in completing the form and include the relevant information requested on the form, so when possible, complete the form with the assistance of your local VCE agent or VCE staff member. |
Sep 2, 2023 | 450-097-A (SPES-512NP) | ||
Brown Rot on Peach and Other Stone Fruits | Brown rot is one of the most destructive diseases of peach and nectarine in Virginia, and also occurs on other stone fruits such as apricot, cherry, and plum. When environmental conditions favor this disease, crop loss can be devastating. |
Mar 18, 2020 | 450-721 (SPES-24P) | ||
Reducing Pesticide Use in the Home Lawn and Garden | Pesticide use affects the quality of human health, the environment, and nontarget organisms in the ecosystem. Therefore, any pesticide application warrants a careful assessment of the expected benefits and risks. Too often, however, homeowners use pesticides inappropriately or without careful consideration of alternatives. This fact sheet outlines general pest control tactics that can easily be implemented for home lawns and gardens, along with other information that home owners can use to make sound pest management decisions. The intent is to ensure that homeowners are aware of alternative control tactics and pesticide characteristics, and that pesticides are used properly and only when necessary. |
Sep 11, 2018 | 450-725 (SPES-22P) | ||
Botryosphaeria Canker and Dieback of Trees and Shrubs in the Landscape | Most trees and shrubs are susceptible to dieback and cankers caused by several species of the fungal genus Botryosphaeria. Botryosphaeria fungi are typically opportunistic pathogens. Opportunistic pathogens only cause disease on plants that are stressed. Therefore, avoiding plant stress, which predisposes plant tissue to infection and colonization by this fungal group, is the best strategy to prevent Botryosphaeria disease problems. |
Nov 17, 2023 | 450-726 (SPES-527P) | ||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Commercial Crop Production | Sep 24, 2021 | 452-124 (SPES-356NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Home Lawns, Gardens, Fruits, and Ornamentals | May 25, 2021 | 452-125 (SPES-322NP) | |||
Forma para el Muestreo de Suelos de Céspedes, Jardines, Frutas y Ornamentales en el Hogar (Soil Sample Information Sheet for Home Lawns, Gardens, Fruits, and Ornamentals) | May 18, 2023 | 452-125S (SPES-501NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Commercial Greenhouse and Nursery Production | Aug 19, 2021 | 452-126 (SPES-349NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Surface-Mined Areas | Aug 12, 2021 | 452-127 (SPES-347NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Golf Courses and Industrial Lawns | Aug 19, 2021 | 452-128 (SPES-346NP) | |||
Soil Sampling for the Home Gardener | This publication explains how to obtain representative soil samples and to submit them for analysis to the Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory. |
Feb 6, 2020 | 452-129 (SPES-176P) | ||
Mid-Atlantic Composting Directory | This directory is intended to provide contact
information for service and equipment suppliers, along
with sources for information and education. Every
attempt has been made to present accurate information.
Contents are for informational purposes only and are
based on details provided by the organizations and
entities listed. Inclusion in this directory does not
constitute an endorsement by the publishers of the
products or services of any business organization or
individual listed herein. |
Aug 17, 2021 | 452-230 (SPES-345NP) | ||
Soil Test Note 14: Athletic Fields, Golf Course Fairways, Sod Production, and Large Industrial/Recreational Lawns | Mar 3, 2022 | 452-244 (SPES-362NP) | |||
Explanation of Soil Tests | The accompanying Soil Test Report will help you assess your plant's need for fertilizer and lime. |
Dec 7, 2018 | 452-701 (SPES-75NP) | ||
Soil Test Note No.3 - Liming and Fertilization of Cool-Season Forage Crops | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-703 | |||
Soil Test Note #4 - Trace Elements | Dec 7, 2018 | 452-704 (SPES-76NP) | |||
Soil Test Note 5: Fertilizing With Manures | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-705 | |||
Soil Test Note 5: Fertilizing With Manures | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-705 | |||
Soil Test Note 17: Lawn Fertilization for Cool Season Grasses | Mar 16, 2021 | 452-717 (SPES-306P) | |||
Soil Test Note 18: Lawn Fertilization for Warm Season Grasses | Mar 25, 2021 | 452-718 (SPES-305P) | |||
Soil Test Note 19: Vegetable and Flower Gardens (Supplement to Soil Test Report) | Oct 11, 2019 | 452-719 | |||
Soil Test Note: 20 Home Shrubs and Trees | Jun 29, 2021 | 452-720 (SPES-336P) | |||
Soil Test Note 21: Home Fruit Trees | Apr 14, 2023 | 452-721 (SPES-489NP) | |||
Soil Test Note 23: Christmas Tree Crops | Jun 16, 2021 | 452-723 (SPES-331P) | |||
Laboratory Procedures: Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory | The procedures for soil analysis used in the Soil Testing Laboratory were established in the early 1950s
A routine test, consisting of eleven separate analyses, is performed on all samples. |
Mar 18, 2019 | 452-881 (SPES-91P) | ||
2023 Pest Management Guide - Home Grounds and Animals | Feb 13, 2023 | 456-018 (ENTO-523P) | |||
2022-2023 Mid-Atlantic Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations | This guide lists vegetable varieties that are available and are adapted to the mid-Atlantic region, gives an overview of cultural practices, and list chemicals recommended to manage pests, diseases and weeds in vegetable crops. New varieties of vegetables are constantly being developed throughout the world. While all efforts are made to have comprehensive lists, not all varieties that are adapted will be listed. |
Feb 17, 2022 | 456-420 (SPES-391P) | ||
Overview of Good Aquaculture Practices | Feb 22, 2019 | 600-054 (CNRE-40P) | |||
Getting Acquainted with Amyloodinium ocellatum | Feb 22, 2019 | 600-200 (CNRE-39P) | |||
Dealing with Trichodina and Trichodina-like species | Feb 22, 2019 | 600-205(CNRE-38P) | |||
User Notes for Small-scale Virginia Commercial Hops Production Enterprise Budgets and Financial Statements | Feb 26, 2019 | AAEC-170NP | |||
Demystifying Food Labels: Labels for Specific Meat Products | Feb 28, 2019 | AAEC-171NP | |||
One Bite at a Time: Virginia and North Carolina Food as a Business Program | Mar 18, 2019 | AAEC-172NP | |||
Broadband Internet to Promote Economic Development in Southside Virginia | Feb 28, 2019 | AAEC-173NP | |||
Taste of Farming: Grazing Math | Apr 1, 2022 | ALCE-296-11 | |||
Taste of Farming: Agroforestry | Apr 4, 2022 | ALCE-296-13 | |||
Taste of Farming: Small Fruit Production | Apr 4, 2022 | ALCE-296-14 | |||
Taste of Farming: Strawberry Production | Apr 4, 2022 | ALCE-296-15 | |||
Taste of Farming: Hydroponic Production | Apr 4, 2022 | ALCE-296-17 | |||
Taste of Farming: Basic Soils | Apr 1, 2022 | ALCE-296-4 | |||
Taste of Farming: Vegetable Production and Food Safety Requirements | Apr 1, 2022 | ALCE-296-5 | |||
Taste of Farming: Getting Started in the Greenhouse | Apr 1, 2022 | ALCE-296-7 | |||
Taste of Farming: Pumpkins | Apr 1, 2022 | ALCE-296-9 | |||
Eldon Farm's Graze 300 VA System | Dec 16, 2022 | ANR-290NP | |||
Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia's Golf Courses | Jan 7, 2021 | ANR-48NP (SPES-284NP) | |||
Late Blight of Tomato and Potato | Nov 20, 2018 | ANR-6 (SPES-72P) | |||
Vineyard Financial Calculator | The Vineyard Financial Calculator is an educational tool that is useful for comparing the financial performance of different vineyard operational scenarios. This tool's intended user is an individual or organization exploring the financial requirements of vineyard establishment and operation in Virginia. The tool was designed to forecast the approximate pretax annual cash inflows and outflows of a vineyard − information required to build a business prospectus. Users can modify certain input variables, such as vineyard size and labor costs, as well as outputs, such as crop level, to tailor the projections to personal expectations. The VFC is only a predictive tool; actual results could vary from those predicted due to site conditions, variances in costs, or unanticipated gains or losses. This tool was created in 2016 and originally published in 2017. The principals with which this tool operates are still valid, but the raw material prices may have changed. |
Sep 23, 2022 | AREC-188NP (SPES-424NP) | ||
Assessing the Economic Feasibility of Growing Specialized Apple Cultivars for Sale to Commercial Hard Cider Producers | This publication describes a set of associated budget
spreadsheets that utilize a systematic means to assess
the feasibility of growing specialty apple cultivars for
sale to commercial hard cider producers. |
Mar 20, 2019 | AREC-46P (SPES-117P) | ||
Soybean Reproductive Development Stages | Remove the soybean plant at ground level to make it easier to stage. Examine each main stem node one at a time to determine the development stage. Focus on the top four nodes that contain fully developed leaves (shown below). A fully developed leaf is one that is located immediately below a node containing a leaf with unrolled or unfolded leaflets (leaflet edges are no longer touching). The soybean crop is considered to be at a particular stage when 50% of the plants reach that stage. Listed with stage description for R1 through R6 are the approximate number of days to R7, or physiological maturity, for full season (FS) soybean planted in May and double crop (DC) soybean planted in June/July. |
Jul 25, 2019 | AREC-59NP (SPES-156NP) | ||
Soybean Insect Guide | Numerous kinds of insects can be found in soybeans. Most are beneficial
or harmless, but some can cause yield loss and even crop failure if not
controlled. |
Mar 20, 2019 | AREC-68NP | ||
Virginia Cover Crops Fact Sheet Series No. 1: Beneficial Uses of Cover Crops | The general purpose of a cover crop is to improve the soil, the broader
environment, or other crops in rotation, not for direct harvest. Cover
crops, depending on which are selected, are capable of providing many
diverse assets. This publication provides a short description of these
main benefits. |
Sep 23, 2020 | CSES-120NP (SPES-241NP) | ||
Virginia Cover Crops Fact Sheet Series No. 2: Cover Crop Performance Evaluation in Field and Controlled Studies | Cover crops increase soil organic matter, reduce erosion, suppress weeds,
forage for nutrients, and reduce fertilizer costs (Clark, 2007). Cover
crop species vary greatly and provide varied benefits. Performance
evaluation of cover crop species and mixtures is needed in Virginia. |
Sep 23, 2020 | CSES-121NP (SPES-240NP) | ||
Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Thinning Existing Timber Stands | Silvopastures intentionally integrate trees with forage
and livestock production in a rotational grazing
system. These systems have the potential to improve
animal comfort, increase farm resource use efficiency,
boost income, and mitigate environmental costs. |
Apr 20, 2021 | CSES-155P | ||
Soil Judging in Virginia | Dec 5, 2022 | CSES-183 | |||
Using a Summer Stockpiling System to Extend the Grazing Season | Nov 14, 2017 | CSES-201NP | |||
Virginia Soil Judging Scorecard | Dec 5, 2022 | CSES- 202P(4H-845P) | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Soil Testing | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-34NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Watering The Lawn | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-35NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Dethatching Your Lawn | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-36NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Lawn Composting | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-37NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Aerating Your Lawn | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-38NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Mowing Your Lawn | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-39NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Fighting Weeds | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-40NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Choosing The Right Grass | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-41NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Fighting Lawn Pests | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-42NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Dealing With Lawn Disease | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-43NP | |||
Importance of Farm Phosphorus Mass Balance and Management Options | Phosphorus is a naturally occurring element that is one
of 16 elements essential for plant growth and animal
health. Research has documented that applying phosphorus
in fertilizers or manure increases crop growth and
yield on soils that are below critical agronomic levels,
as measured during routine soil testing. Although the
economic benefits of phosphorus fertilization on crop
production are well-documented, too much of a good
thing can be detrimental to the environment. Excessive
soil phosphorus is a potential threat to water quality. |
Feb 21, 2020 | CSES-98P(SPES-178P) | ||
Virginia Farm to Table: Healthy Farms and Healthy Food for the Common Wealth and Common Good | Aug 29, 2018 | CV-3 (SPES-27P) | |||
Kudzu Bug, Megacopta cribraria, a pest of soybeans | Jan 28, 2019 | ENTO-303NP | |||
What do I need to know to sell REFRIGERATED DIPS, SPREADS, DRESSINGS and SALADS, at the farmers market? | Jun 2, 2020 | FST-300P (FST-363P) | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19 | May 28, 2020 | FST-373NP | |||
Goldenchain tree, Laburnum × watereri | Sep 20, 2018 | HORT-10NP | |||
Hinoki Falsecypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa | Sep 20, 2018 | HORT-11NP | |||
Japanese Cryptomeria, Cryptomeria japonica | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-12NP | |||
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-13NP | |||
Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova serrata | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-14NP | |||
Katsuratree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-15NP | |||
Kousa Dogwood, Cornus kousa | Oct 1, 2018 | HORT-16NP | |||
Lacebark Pine, Pinus bungeana | Oct 1, 2018 | HORT-17NP | |||
Leyland Cypress, Cupressocyparis leylandii | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-18NP | |||
Vertical Gardening Using Trellises, Stakes, and Cages | Dec 12, 2022 | HORT-189NP (SPES-450NP) | |||
Mimosa (Silk-tree or Albizia), Albizia julibrissin | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-19NP | |||
Norway Spruce, Picea abies | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-20NP | |||
Paperbark Maple, Acer griseum | Oct 8, 2018 | HORT-21NP | |||
Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-22NP | |||
Evaluation of Blackberry Varieties in Virginia | May 6, 2022 | HORT-226P (SPES-400P) | |||
River Birch, Betula nigra | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-23NP | |||
Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia ×soulangeana | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-24NP | |||
Sawara Falsecypress (Japanese Falsecypress), Chamaecyparis pisifera | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-25NP | |||
A Guide to the Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) Certification Process | Jan 24, 2018 | HORT-252NP (HORT-285NP) | |||
Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-26NP | |||
Mixed Infection of Strawberry Mottle Virus and Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Virus in the Southeastern United States | Apr 17, 2023 | HORT 268P (SPES-488P) | |||
Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum | Oct 5, 2018 | HORT-27NP | |||
Shoppers Guide for Berry Plants in the Mid-Atlantic and the Carolinas | Apr 5, 2023 | HORT-270NP (SPES-481NP) | |||
Star Magnolia, Magnolia stellata | Oct 5, 2018 | HORT-28NP | |||
Umbrella-Pine (Japanese Umbrella-Pine), Sciadopitys verticillata | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-29NP | |||
Washington Hawthorn, Crataegus phaenopyrum | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-30NP | |||
Selecting and Using Plant Growth Regulators on Floricultural Crops | Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemicals that are designed to affect plant growth and/or development (figure 1). They are applied for specific purposes to elicit specific plant responses. Although there is much scientific information on using PGRs in the greenhouse, it is not an exact science. Achieving the best results with PGRs is a combination of art and science — science tempered with a lot of trial and error and a good understanding of plant growth and development.
good understanding of plant growth and development. |
Nov 15, 2019 | HORT-43P (SPES-149P) | ||
American Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-5NP | |||
American (Fagus grandifolia) and European (Fagus sylvatica) Beeches | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-6NP | |||
Care Sheet for Sabal minor or “Dwarf Palmetto” in Virginia Landscapes | May 29, 2019 | HORT-60NP (SPES-137NP) | |||
Therapeutic Gardening | Dec 12, 2022 | HORT-66NP (SPES-432NP) | |||
Chinese Elm (Lacebark Elm), Ulmus parvifolia | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-7NP | |||
Fooling Mother Nature: Forcing Flower Bulbs for Indoor Bloom | Have you ever wondered if it is possible to enjoy the beauty
of bulbs in the middle of winter? The answer is definitely
yes! Many people are familiar with the hourglass-shaped
vase filled with water and topped with a hyacinth bulb,
or a low bowl filled with several Paper White narcissus,
and the popular boxed amaryllis bulb as a welcome winter
holiday gift. Most bulbs can be forced but additional
planning is required in order to have a successful period
of blooms. |
Oct 2, 2019 | HORT-76NP | ||
Chinese Pistache, Pistacia chinensis | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-8NP | |||
Selecting Plants for Virginia Landscapes: Showy Flowering Shrubs | This publication features small, medium, and large
flowering shrubs (five of each category) with photos.
All photos are by the author. There are at least eight
shrubs from each category noted in a table (without
photos) at the end of this publication. All shrubs —
featured or in the table — are landscape worthy and
are especially suited to landscapes in Virginia and the
Mid-Atlantic States. |
Jul 30, 2020 | HORT-84P | ||
Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-9NP | |||
Weed Management in Small Fruit Crops | For small fruit growers, weed management is one of the greatest challenges they will face to successfully grow these crops. Factors such as climate, new weed species, weed species shifts, and years of agricultural activity have come together to select for weed species that are aggressive and persistent. Without management, weeds compete with crops for light, nutrients, and water, resulting in reduced vegetative growth of the crop plant, poor fruit quality and lower yield. Stressed crops are also more susceptible to disease and insect infestations, while excessive weed growth itself creates higher humidity in the crop foliage, enhancing disease spread and inviting unwanted insects. Weed management principles for the perennial small fruit crops are similar, with the exception of strawberries in the annual system. Grapes, brambles, blueberries and matted row strawberries are considered permanent plantings in which weed management must be addressed throughout the life of the planting. When compared to annual crops, perennial culture is a greater challenge, as weeds need to be managed through all seasons and perennial weed species increase in numbers and diversity. Understanding seasonal weed thresholds, and integrating cultural and chemical management becomes even more important in the year-round culture. |
Aug 9, 2023 | HORT-286NP (SPES-513NP) | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight in Virginia Production Nurseries WITH Boxwood Blight | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Feb 16, 2021 | PPWS-32NP (PPWS-87NP) | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight in Virginia Production Nurseries WITHOUT Boxwood Blight Version 2, September 2016 | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Jan 5, 2021 | PPWS-33NP (PPWS-86NP) | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight: Best Management Practices for Virginia Retail Nurseries WITH Boxwood Blight | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape
boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the
disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective
manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Jan 6, 2021 | PPWS-34NP (PPWS-89NP) | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight: Best management Practices for Virginia Retail Nurseries WITHOUT Boxwood Blight | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape
boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the
disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective
manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Jan 6, 2021 | PPWS-35NP (PPWS-88NP) | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight for Greenery Producers | Best management practices for boxwood blight (also called “box blight”) for
greenery producers are practices recommended to avoid the introduction and
spread of boxwood blight, caused by the fungus Calonectria
pseudonaviculata (syn. Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum). The
recommendations in this document are designed to avoid spread of boxwood
blight within a planting or to new locations when pruned tips are
collected, sold and/or used for holiday greenery1. These recommendations
are relevant to anyone involved in the greenery (“tipping”) industry,
including small and large-scale greenery producers, home growers who sell
boxwood tips, and people who tip-prune boxwood on other people’s property.
Care must be taken at all levels of greenery production to prevent the
spread of the boxwood blight pathogen and avoid economic losses associated
with this disease. |
Jan 6, 2021 | PPWS-39NP (PPWS-95NP) | ||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 2: Rain Barrels | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-10P | |||
USDA Edamame Project | Feb 15, 2019 | SPES-104NP | |||
Results for the 2017 VSU Blueberry Variety Field Trial | Mar 20, 2019 | SPES-108NP | |||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 3: Permeable Pavement | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-11P | |||
Chemical Blossom Thinning in Virginia Apple Orchards | Feb 11, 2019 | SPES-110NP | |||
Glyphosate Q & A Sheet | Feb 8, 2019 | SPES-113NP | |||
Tall Fescue, Endophytes and Alkaloids, and Fescue Toxicosis | Apr 12, 2019 | SPES-114P | |||
Soils, Science, and Stakeholders | Feb 13, 2019 | SPES-115NP | |||
Directions for Establishing One Acre of Blackberries in Virginia | Feb 16, 2019 | SPES-116NP | |||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 4: Grass Swales | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-12P | |||
Leaching Fraction: A Tool to Schedule Irrigation for Container-Grown Nursery Crops | Jun 11, 2019 | SPES-128P | |||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 5: Rain Gardens | Jun 26, 2018 | SPES-13P | |||
Changes to USDA GAP & GHP, Produce Harmonized GAP, and Harmonized GAP Plus+ Audit Billing and Scheduling | Jun 17, 2019 | SPES-132NP (SPES-147NP) | |||
Crop Load Management in Commercial Apple Orchards: Chemical Fruit Thinning | May 31, 2019 | SPES-134P | |||
2019 - 2020 Shenandoah Valley Buy Fresh Buy Local Guide | May 2, 2019 | SPES-136NP | |||
Catastrophic Livestock and Poultry Carcass Disposal | Jun 5, 2019 | SPES-138NP | |||
On Farm Mortality Disposal Options for Livestock Producers | Jun 3, 2019 | SPES-139NP | |||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 6: Buffers | Jun 26, 2018 | SPES-14P | |||
Most Troublesome Pumpkin Diseases in Virginia | May 28, 2019 | SPES-140NP | |||
Soil Sampling Instructions for the Farm | Jun 6, 2019 | SPES-141 | |||
Visioning a Preferred Future for Virginia's Food System for 2027 | Jun 3, 2019 | SPES-142NP | |||
Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) Control in Soybeans | Jun 6, 2019 | SPES-143NP | |||
Facilitating Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems | Jun 10, 2019 | SPES-144NP | |||
Considerations for Producers Seeking Market Access to Schools | Jun 11, 2019 | SPES-145NP | |||
Considerations for School Nutrition Directors Seeking to Increase Farm to School Purchases | Jun 11, 2019 | SPES-146NP | |||
Invasive Tree-of-Heaven & Native Look-Alike Identification Photographs | Jun 24, 2019 | SPES-148NP | |||
A Survey of Strawberry Production Practices in Virginia | Aug 12, 2019 | SPES-150P | |||
Mortality of Great Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia | Since 2015, Extension specialists from Virginia Tech (VT) have visited and collected plant and soil samples from several large areas of dying great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia’s mountainous regions. In 2016 VT specialists met with Virginia Department of Forestry, US Forest Service personnel, and other experts to revisit some of these sites. No consistent cause of this mortality has yet been identified. It is possible that a variety of factors are stressing the rhododendrons in these areas to a point where opportunistic pathogens or insects can successfully attack and kill them. The following information summarizes our observations and diagnostic results from four separate great rhododendron mortality sites in Virginia. This information is not equivalent to a research study, which would also include samples taken from healthy great rhododendron for comparison; however, we are confident that we have ruled out two diseases that are frequently mentioned both online and anecdotally as a cause of this mortality, specifically Phytophthora root rot and Botryosphaeria dieback. |
Aug 21, 2019 | SPES-151P | ||
2019-20 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Jul 22, 2019 | SPES-154NP | |||
Strategies for Managing Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue – A Whole-Farm Approach | Nov 26, 2019 | SPES-163P | |||
Using Cover Crops to Suppress Horseweed | Sep 14, 2020 | SPES-164P (SPES-202P) | |||
Herbicide Options to Terminate Winter Cover Crops | Sep 18, 2019 | SPES-167NP | |||
Adaptive Challenges | Jan 24, 2020 | SPES-183NP | |||
Motivations of Farming: A Soil, Conservation and Place supplement video | Aug 12, 2020 | SPES-184NP | |||
Drone Use in the Winter | Nov 2, 2020 | SPES-186NP | |||
Fertilizer: The Many Forms You Can Use | Mar 18, 2020 | SPES-187NP | |||
Getting Started and Managing Resources | Jan 24, 2020 | SPES-189NP | |||
Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2019 | Feb 12, 2020 | SPES-191NP | |||
Converting Pastures to Native Warm Season Grasses: Forage for Drought in Bedford County | Mar 31, 2020 | SPES-196NP | |||
Foliar Injury: Spring Nitrogen Applications to Small Grains | Apr 2, 2020 | SPES-197NP | |||
Common Fertilizers Used in Virginia: Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium | Apr 7, 2020 | SPES-199NP | |||
Common Fertilizers Used in Virginia: Secondary and Micronutrients | Apr 10, 2020 | SPES-200NP | |||
Conversion Factors Needed for Common Fertilizer Calculations | Apr 29, 2020 | SPES-201NP | |||
Electric Fencing: Installing and Testing a Proper Grounding System | Jan 27, 2021 | SPES-204NP (SPES-300NP) | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19 - Part 1 | Apr 20, 2020 | SPES-205NP | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19 - Part 2 | Apr 20, 2020 | SPES-206NP | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19 - Part 3 | Apr 20, 2020 | SPES-207NP | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19: Part 4 | Apr 20, 2020 | SPES-208NP | |||
Floor Management Strategies for Virginia Vineyards | Jul 28, 2020 | SPES-209P | |||
Sampling Tall Fescue for Endophyte Infection and Ergot Alkaloid Concentration | Oct 19, 2018 | SPES-21P | |||
Soil, Conservation, and Place -- Janet Aardema and Dan Gagnon of Broadfork Farm | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-214NP | |||
Soil, Conservation and Place -- Ira Wallace of Southern Exposure Seed Exchange | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-215NP | |||
Soil, Conservation and Place -- C.J. Isbell of Keenbell Farm | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-216NP | |||
Expanding Food Safety Protocols in an Evolving Landscape of COVID-19 | May 28, 2020 | SPES-217NP | |||
Kitchen Garden Presentation by Henrico Master Gardeners | Jul 14, 2020 | SPES-225NP | |||
How To Plant A Tree | Jul 14, 2020 | SPES-226NP | |||
Best Septic System Management During the Covid-19 Pandemic | Aug 5, 2020 | SPES-229NP | |||
Fusarium Wilt of Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) | Aug 13, 2020 | SPES-230NP | |||
2020-21 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Feb 25, 2021 | SPES-237NP (SPES-301NP) | |||
2020 Virginia On-Farm Wheat Test Plots | Aug 19, 2020 | SPES-238NP | |||
A Virginia Producer-Buyer Networking Event Toolkit: Facilitating Value Chain Connections | Aug 19, 2020 | SPES-242NP | |||
Identification of Virginia’s Noxious Weeds | May 17, 2023 | SPES-244NP (SPES-502NP) | |||
Biofortification: Creating a Healthier Food Supply | Nov 23, 2020 | SPES-267P | |||
Strawberry Variety Evaluation, Opportunities, and Challenges of High Tunnel Production | Feb 9, 2021 | SPES-273P | |||
The Right Answer: How to Find Unbiased, Research-Based Answers Horticultural Questions | Feb 19, 2021 | SPES-275P | |||
Managing Phosphorus Balance on Virginia Dairy Farms | Mar 15, 2021 | SPES-278NP | |||
Stockpile Grazing in Autumn | Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-29P | |||
Virginia On-Farm Soybean Research 2020 | Jan 18, 2021 | SPES-294NP | |||
Lime: Common Soil Additives to Raise Soil pH in Virginia | Feb 16, 2021 | SPES-298NP | |||
Using Grazing Charts | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Tim Mize, Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, and Norman Bower, a cooperating farmer, share how a grazing chart can be a roadmap for communicating and planning a farm's grazing plan. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources. |
Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-30P | ||
Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2020 | Feb 19, 2021 | SPES-303NP | |||
Converting pastures to native warm season grasses: Summer forage and wildlife habitat in Caroline County | Mar 5, 2021 | SPES-308NP | |||
Stockpile Grazing with Horses | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Carrie Swanson, Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, discusses and demonstrates the benefits of stockpile grazing with horses. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources. |
Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-31P | ||
2021 Virtual Eastern Shore Agricultural Conference and Trade Show | Mar 12, 2021 | SPES-312NP |
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How to Evaluate a Tree | May 19, 2021 | SPES-313P | |||
Fungicide Spray Guidelines for Non-bearing Vineyards | Jul 14, 2021 | SPES-315NP | |||
Edible Landscape Species – Trees | Oct 21, 2021 | SPES-316 | |||
Edible Landscape Species – Shrubs, Vines, and Groundcovers | Oct 21, 2021 | SPES-317 | |||
Does Land Application of Biosolids Pose Health Concerns for Grazing Livestock? | Aug 3, 2021 | SPES-318P | |||
Assessing On-Farm Risks and Documenting Food Safety Practices to Meet Farm to School Requirements | May 7, 2021 | SPES-319NP | |||
Benefits of a Dry Lot for Horses | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Carrie Swanson, Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, discusses the benefits of a dry lot as a horse and pasture management strategy. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources. |
Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-32P | ||
Maintenance Calendar for Bermudagrass | Jun 21, 2021 | SPES-329NP | |||
Using a Grazing Muzzle | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Carrie Swanson, Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, discusses the benefits of a dry lot as a horse and pasture management strategy. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources. |
Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-33P | ||
Beetlemania | Jul 7, 2021 | SPES-333NP | |||
Small Grain Forage Variety Testing, 2021 | Jun 28, 2021 | SPES-335NP | |||
4 The Soil Live Kickoff | Jul 23, 2021 | SPES-339NP | |||
Grazing Through Snow | Nov 1, 2023 | SPES-34P | |||
Hurricane Preparedness for Turfgrass Systems | Jul 20, 2021 | SPES-340NP | |||
Cool-Season Turfgrass Sports Field Maintenance Calendar | Jul 22, 2021 | SPES-341NP | |||
2021-22 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Jul 21, 2021 | SPES-343NP | |||
Driving Homeowners ‘Nuts’: Sedge in the Lawn | Jul 23, 2021 | SPES-344NP | |||
Small Grains in 2021 | Aug 3, 2021 | SPES-348NP | |||
Grazing Summer Annuals | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Jason Thurman of Lazy Acre Angus, in cooperation with Chris Brown Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, explains his farm’s rotational grazing system and how he has incorporated summer annuals such as Sorghum-Sudangrass in the system to improve cow performance during the hot summer months. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources.
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Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-35P | ||
2021 Virginia On-farm Wheat Test Plots | Sep 8, 2021 | SPES-352NP | |||
Cool Season Lawn Renovation | Sep 16, 2021 | SPES-353NP | |||
Protective Agriculture Production Series: Fundamentals | Sep 16, 2021 | SPES-355NP | |||
Managing Fall Armyworms on Lawns | Aug 31, 2021 | SPES-357NP | |||
2021 Eastern Shore AREC Interactive Research Field Day | Oct 8, 2021 | SPES-359NP | |||
Measuring Forage with a Falling Plate Meter | This is a Graze 300 Virginia video which is part of an Extension initiative to enable Virginia farmers to achieve 300 days of livestock grazing by facilitating better pasture management and environmental stewardship. In this video clip, Jeanie Layton-Dudding, Extension Agent with Virginia Cooperative Extension, demonstrates how to use a falling plate meter measure the amount of forage available in a pasture and to plan your winter feeding management. For more information about Graze 300 VA and Virginia Cooperative Extension, please visit Graze 300. Funding for the video was generously provided by the Agua Fund to encourage sustainable resilient agriculture and the conservation of important natural resources. |
Nov 2, 2023 | SPES-36P | ||
Specialty Small Grains in 2021 | Sep 24, 2021 | SPES-360NP | |||
Virginia Corn Silage Hybrid Trials in 2021 | Dec 16, 2021 | SPES-364NP | |||
Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials in 2021 | Dec 17, 2021 | SPES-365NP | |||
2023 Virginia Peanut Production Guide | Jan 3, 2023 | SPES-367NP (SPES-451NP) | |||
2021 Virginia On-Farm Soybean Research | Jan 28, 2022 | SPES-377NP | |||
Caring for Our Communities and Land: A Story of Healthy Relationships and Trust | Feb 15, 2022 | SPES-381NP | |||
Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results I. Agronomic and Grade Data | Feb 18, 2022 | SPES-382NP | |||
2021 Virginia On-Farm Corn Test Plots | Feb 18, 2022 | SPES-383NP | |||
2021 Cotton Variety Testing and On-Farm Results | Feb 17, 2022 | SPES-385NP | |||
2021 Virginia Soybean Performance Tests | Feb 21, 2022 | SPES-386NP | |||
Consider Your Whole System: Nitrogen and Sulfur Leaching Potential in Virginia | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-39NP | |||
Planted Hardwood Silvopasture: Producer Perspective From Rockingham Co. VA | Jul 26, 2022 | SPES-410NP | |||
Planted Hardwood Silvopasture: Producer Perspective From Wythe Co. VA | Jul 26, 2022 | SPES-411NP | |||
Silvopasture Best Management Practices | Jul 26, 2022 | SPES-412NP | |||
Silvopasture Challenges: Producer Perspectives | Jul 26, 2022 | SPES-413NP | |||
Thinned Hardwood Silvopasture: Producer Perspective From Nelson Co. VA | Jul 27, 2022 | SPES-414NP | |||
Thinned Hardwood Silvopasture Producer Perspective From Rockbridge Co. VA | Jul 28, 2022 | SPES-415NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture Producer: (#1) Perspective From Charlotte Co. VA | Jul 28, 2022 | SPES-416NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture Producer: (#2) Perspective From Charlotte Co. VA | Jul 28, 2022 | SPES-417NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture: Producer Perspective from Orange Co. VA | Jul 28, 2022 | SPES-418NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture: Producer Perspective From Pender Co. NC | Jul 28, 2022 | SPES-419NP | |||
Fresh Hops Harvesting and Handling Tips | Jun 29, 2018 | SPES-43NP | |||
Giant Hogweed: Identification and Control | This publication provides information on giant hogweed identification, including how to distinguish between look alike species, and what to do if you think you have found giant hogweed. |
Jul 10, 2023 | SPES-48NP (SPES-245NP) | ||
Frost/Freeze Protection in Strawberry | Aug 27, 2018 | SPES-56NP | |||
Control of Common Grassy Weeds in Pastures and Hayfields | Grassy weeds in pastures and hayfields compete with desired forage species and reduce the productivity of forage systems. Lack of selective herbicides makes grassy weed species, such as Johnsongrass, Japanese stiltgrass, broomsedge, and foxtail species difficult to control. Proper soil fertility, grazing management, and correct timing and placement of herbicide application can effectively control these species. |
Nov 6, 2018 | SPES-58P | ||
Fescue Toxicosis and Some Strategies to Mitigate Alkaloids | May 3, 2023 | SPES-6 | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Soil Test Converter for Turfgrass Professionals and Nutrient Management Planning in Virginia | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-60 | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Soil Test Converter for Turfgrass Professionals and Nutrient Management Planning in Virginia - Workbook | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-60A | |||
Animal Performance on Toxic Tall Fescue During the Summer | Sep 19, 2018 | SPES-62NP | |||
Glyphosate: Health Controversy, Benefits and Continuing Debate | Sep 20, 2018 | SPES-63NP | |||
Stormwater Management for Homeowners Fact Sheet 1: Rooftop Redirection (Disconnection) | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-9P | |||
Irrigation Considerations for Commercial Hop Producers | Mar 7, 2019 | SPES-95P | |||
For the Love of the Chip | Jan 23, 2020 | SPES-179NP | |||
Specialty Small Grains in 2019 | Jan 21, 2020 | SPES-185NP | |||
The Story of the Food Value Chain | Jan 23, 2020 | SPES-188NP | |||
Weed Management Planner - Before Planting | Aug 2, 2023 | SPES-268NP (SPES-506NP-A) | |||
Weed Management Planner - After Planting | Aug 2, 2023 | SPES-268NP (SPES-506NP-B) | |||
Small Scale Perennial Production Using Iris as an Example Crop | Apr 20, 2022 | SPES-354P | |||
Blackberry Fruit: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits | Mar 16, 2022 | SPES-366P | |||
What Happens If My Septic System Fails? | Apr 29, 2022 | SPES-379P | |||
Septic System Best Management Practices | Apr 29, 2022 | SPES-380P | |||
Your Soil Test Report Simplified A Guide for Homeowners | Mar 10, 2022 | SPES-384NP | |||
Container Production of Herbaceous Peonies: Information for Greenhouse and Nursery Operators | Oct 26, 2022 | SPES-388P | |||
Gardening for Health: Benefits for Adults | May 11, 2022 | SPES-389NP | |||
2021 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results - Quality Data | Mar 24, 2022 | SPES-395NP | |||
Chemical Options for Defruiting Young Apple Trees | Apple trees can produce plenty of fruits in the first two years of planting. If kept on the tree until harvest, these fruits would have a negative effect on tree growth and structure. Defruting newly planted and young apple trees (e.g., 2nd and 3rd leaf), particularly those on dwarfing rootstocks, allows the trees to fill their allotted bearing space and become structurally capable of bearing a decent crop by the fourth and fifth year. Although defruting can be achieved manually by removing flower clusters and small fruitlets, several chemical options can make defruting much faster and less labor-intensive. This publication aims to provide information about the rates and application timing of chemical materials apple growers can use to effectively defrut young trees. |
Apr 14, 2022 | SPES-396NP | ||
Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs - Basic | May 12, 2022 | SPES-397P | |||
Rootstock Effects on Tree Growth and Yield of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple under Virginia State Climatic Conditions | May 4, 2022 | SPES-398NP | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Calculator for Lawn Fertilizer and Lime Applications in Virginia | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-40P | |||
How to develop a planting plan for vegetables in Virginia: A sample spreadsheet | May 11, 2022 | SPES-401NP | |||
Bringing Apples to Life: A Story of Perseverance, Collaboration, and Innovation | Jun 8, 2022 | SPES-405NP | |||
Small Grain Forage Variety Testing, 2022 | Jun 24, 2022 | SPES-406NP | |||
Against the Grain, Beyond the Grind | Jul 7, 2022 | SPES-407NP | |||
A Spreadsheet-Based Calculator for Lawn Fertilizer and Lime Applications in Virginia - Workbook | Dec 5, 2023 | SPES-40A | |||
Small Grains in 2022 | Aug 24, 2022 | SPES-420NP | |||
2022-23 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Aug 17, 2022 | SPES-421NP | |||
2022 Virginia On-Farm Wheat Test Plots | Aug 23, 2022 | SPES-422NP | |||
Managing Drought with Roy Boldridge | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-433NP | |||
Managing Spring Flush with Jim Manwaring | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-434NP | |||
Managing Spring Flush with Roy Boldridge | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-435NP | |||
Powering Electric Fences with Steve Jones | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-436NP | |||
Springwood Farm Profile with Will Hueston | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-437 | |||
Temporary Electric Fencing for Small Ruminants with Tim Mize | Nov 7, 2022 | SPES-438NP | |||
“Lost in the Weeds” part 1 | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-441NP | |||
“Lost in the Weeds” part 2 | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-442NP | |||
“Let the Clips Fall Where they May” | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-443NP | |||
"Don't Guess, Do the Test" | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-444NP | |||
“Application Without Calibration" | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-445NP | |||
"Fungus Among Us" | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-446NP | |||
"PPE and Me" | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-447NP | |||
"Don't Waste Water" | Nov 28, 2022 | SPES-448NP | |||
Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials in 2022 | Dec 9, 2022 | SPES-453NP | |||
Edamame in Virginia I: Products and Marketing | Mar 29, 2023 | SPES-454NP | |||
Edamame in Virginia II. Producing a High-Quality Product | Apr 13, 2023 | SPES-455P | |||
Edamame in Virginia III. Handling and Processing from Harvest to Package | Apr 14, 2023 | SPES-456P | |||
Virginia Corn Silage Hybrid Trials in 2022 | Dec 16, 2022 | SPES-457NP | |||
2022 Virginia On-Farm Soybean Research | Jan 6, 2023 | SPES-460NP | |||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: Planning for the Market | According to the 2017 Census of Agriculture, U.S. greenhouse vegetable farms more than doubled from 2012 (USDA 2019). Virginia fell within the top 10 states for acreage of vegetables and berry crops grown under protected culture. Protected culture includes greenhouses and structures like high tunnels. With close to two and a half million square feet devoted mostly to tomatoes, vegetables, herbs, and strawberries, the value of Virginia greenhouse sales in 2017 was over 31 million dollars! A lot of this increase in square footage was due to the addition of large operations coming into Virginia. |
Jul 27, 2023 | SPES-461NP | ||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: Management Basics | Jul 21, 2023 | SPES-462NP | |||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Systems | With the increasing number of controlled environment agriculture farms, Virginia Cooperative Extension is working closely with specialty crop growers to address the challenges of establishing and managing hydroponic greenhouse operations. Growers interested in producing food crops in controlled environments can use several different types of hydroponic systems. One of the most common types of hydroponic systems is called nutrient film technique (NFT). |
Jul 24, 2023 | SPES-463NP | ||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: Deep Water Culture (DWC) Systems | Jul 19, 2023 | SPES-464NP | |||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: System and Crop Comparisons | This factsheet is part of a series of seven factsheets targeting beginning farmers growing edible crops using hydroponic greenhouse systems. There are also five videos that are related to the factsheets and included in the numbering sequence. |
Jul 26, 2023 | SPES-466NP | ||
Hydroponic Production of Edible Crops: Food Safety Considerations | Jul 20, 2023 | SPES-467NP | |||
Farming Foundations in Hydroponics: Targeting the Marketplace | Jul 12, 2023 | SPES-468NP | |||
Farming Foundations in Hydroponics: Crop and System Types | Jul 12, 2023 | SPES-469NP | |||
Farming Foundations in Hydroponics: Planning Your Production | Jul 12, 2023 | SPES-470NP | |||
Local, Community Focused Hydroponics: Endless Summer Harvest | Jul 12, 2023 | SPES-471NP | |||
High Tech for Small-Scale Hydroponics: Schuyler Greens Company | Jul 12, 2023 | SPES-472NP | |||
Specialty Small Grains in 2022 | Jan 17, 2023 | SPES-473NP | |||
Protective Agriculture Production Series: Plant density recommendations | Feb 2, 2023 | SPES-474NP | |||
Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation 2022 I. Agronomic and Grade Data | Feb 22, 2023 | SPES-475NP | |||
Tree Selection Guide for Mid-Atlantic Silvopastures | Feb 2, 2023 | SPES-476NP | |||
Virginia On-Farm Corn Test Plots 2022 | Jan 27, 2023 | SPES-477NP | |||
Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2022 | Feb 13, 2023 | SPES-478NP | |||
Virginia Vegetable Specialist Team | Mar 31, 2023 | SPES-480NP | |||
2022 Cotton Variety Testing and On-Farm Results | Mar 15, 2023 | SPES-482NP | |||
Vascular Streak Dieback: An Emerging Problem on Woody Ornamentals in the U.S. | May 17, 2023 | SPES-483P | |||
Lessons learned from peanut variety testing in 2022 | Apr 24, 2023 | SPES-485NP | |||
Managing the Spring Pasture Flush | May 8, 2023 | SPES-486P | |||
Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results 2022 | Apr 21, 2023 | SPES-499NP | |||
Virginia Cooperative Extension Gardener Handbook | Jun 8, 2023 | SPES-504NP | |||
Basic melon (Cucumis melo L.) physiology and morphology | Understanding the fundamental aspects of melon physiology and morphology is essential for optimizing its cultivation, improving yield, and enhancing fruit quality. This document provides a concise overview of the key physiological and morphological characteristics of the basic melon plant, highlighting its growth and development processes. The physiological aspects encompass various essential factors that influence melon growth, including photosynthesis, water relations, nutrient uptake and assimilation, and hormone regulation. Melon plants exhibit distinct physiological responses to environmental stimuli such as light, temperature, and water availability, which directly impact their growth, flowering, and fruiting. An understanding of these physiological processes aids in implementing appropriate cultivation practices and management strategies for maximizing melon productivity. |
Jun 9, 2023 | SPES-507NP | ||
Basic Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Physiology and Morphology | May 31, 2023 | SPES-508NP | |||
Apple Blotch Disease | In this publication, we describe apple blotch disease, also known as Marssonina leaf blotch, an emerging apple disease in the Eastern United States. This disease leads to severe apple tree crown defoliation that indirectly affects the apple fruit size, color, yield and twig development. The causal gent of this disease is a fungus Diplocarpon coronariae (also known as Marssonina coronaria). |
Jun 14, 2023 | SPES-509NP | ||
Converting pastures to native warm season grasses: Filling the summer forage slump in Orange County | A farmer's experience of converting a tall fescue field into native warm season grasses for improved forage production in the summertime. |
Aug 11, 2023 | SPES-514NP | ||
Aerial imagery to improve disease diagnosis and management in field crops | Aug 11, 2023 | SPES-515NP | |||
2023-24 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Aug 31, 2023 | SPES-518NP | |||
Converting pastures to native warm season grasses: Alternative summer forage for cattle in Orange County | A farmer's experience of converting a tall fescue field into native warm season grasses for improved forage production in the summertime. |
Sep 7, 2023 | SPES-519NP | ||
2023 Potato Variety Evaluation for the Eastern Shore of Virginia | The publication delves into the critical aspects of potato cultivar selection for Eastern Virginia. It highlights the importance of choosing cultivars well-suited to the region's climate and growing conditions. Factors like temperature fluctuations, precipitation patterns, tuber yield and quality are considered when making these selections. The evaluation process encompasses parameters such as yield potential, vegetative characteristics, and quality attributes like Specific Gravity and chip color. Moreover, the publication explores the use of metrics like NDVI and SPAD for assessing plant health. Detailed results for specific cultivars, such as 'Atlantic' and 'Chieftain,' among others, are provided, emphasizing data-driven decisions for optimal potato production in Eastern Virginia. |
Oct 18, 2023 | SPES-521NP | ||
2022 Potato Industry Status at the Eastern Shore of Virginia | This document provides an overview of the potato industry's status in 2022, including key statistics such as acreage, cultivar selection methods, planting practices, and pest control measures. The challenges faced by potato farmers in the region are also discussed, including issues related to fertilization, labor, pests, and market conditions. Additionally, the document outlines the research priorities identified by potato farmers, focusing on soil analysis, weather data accessibility, and irrigation management. It emphasizes the importance of research and innovation for the sector's future growth. Lastly, the document explores communication preferences among potato farmers, highlighting their preference for email and annual conferences as effective means of information exchange. |
Oct 23, 2023 | SPES-522NP | ||
2023 Virginia On-Farm Wheat Test Plots | This is the thirtieth year of this ongoing annual project. Further work is planned for the upcoming 2023-2024 growing season. The demonstration and research plot results discussed in this publication are a cooperative effort by eight Virginia Cooperative Extension ANR agents, one retired agent, and the EVAREC superintendent. We are proud to present this year’s on-farm small grain plot work to you. We hope the information in this publication will help farmers produce a profitable crop in 2024. |
Oct 13, 2023 | SPES-523NP | ||
Aerial multispectral imagery for high-throughput mapping of spatial corn yield potentials. | Drone-based spectral imaging is a nondestructive approach for estimating corn grain yield efficiently prior to harvest. Such spatial estimations if done early in the season could help growers to identify lower performing areas of the field. This will guide them to adopt prompt, precise and cost-effective crop management operations (e.g., irrigation, fertilizer or fungicide applications) in the same season or before/during next cropping season. Pre-harvest yield estimates would help in better planning and allocation of harvest, storage, and sales resources for higher profitability and crop value. This article summarizes a recent exploration on drone-based multispectral imagery to estimate grain yield potential of corn. |
Oct 24, 2023 | SPES-526NP | ||
Hops in Virginia: Quality Changes During Cone Ripeness | This project studied how the harvest timing affect the aroma quality of Va hops, and shared some ideas using hop to make value-added products. |
Nov 1, 2023 | SPES-529NP | ||
Planted Hardwood Silvopasture: Producer Perspective from Madison Co. GA | Dec 6, 2023 | SPES-558NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture: Producer Perspective from Russell Co. AL. (Early stage conversion) | Dec 6, 2023 | SPES-559NP | |||
Planted Hardwood Silvopasture: Producer Perspective from Jefferson Co, TN (Establishment system) | Dec 6, 2023 | SPES-560NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture: Producer (#1) Perspective from Oglethorpe Co., GA (Beef cattle) | Dec 6, 2023 | SPES-561NP | |||
Thinned Pine Silvopasture: Producer (#2) Perspective from Oglethorpe Co., GA (Goats) | Dec 6, 2023 | SPES-564NP | |||
No-Till Seeding of Forage Grasses and Legumes | May 6, 2019 | SPES-92P | |||
VCE AG Today: Soybean pest update | Feb 13, 2022 | VCE-1027-57NP | |||
VCE AG Today: Small Grain Preplant Considerations | Feb 11, 2022 | VCE-1027-58NP | |||
VCE AG Today: Soybean Variety Selection Tool | Feb 10, 2022 | VCE-1027-59NP | |||
VCE AG Today: Tips For Starting the Vegetable Season off Right | Feb 10, 2022 | VCE-1027-62NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Soil Amendments —Poultry Litter | Apr 12, 2021 | VCE-1027-29NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Small Grains Update | May 7, 2021 | VCE-1027-41NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Grow Award - Winning Hay | May 5, 2021 | VCE-1027-47NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Virginia Pesticide Collection Programs | Nov 10, 2021 | VCE-1027-52NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Weed Control in Pastures | Nov 10, 2021 | VCE-1027-55NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Post-plant Strawberry Disease Management in Fall and Winter | Nov 10, 2021 | VCE-1027-56NP | |||
VCE Ag Today: Vineyard Update | Apr 12, 2021 | VCE-1027-9NP |