Resources for Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences
Title | Available As | Summary | Date | ID | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-Maintenance Turfgrass Evaluation, 2008 Report | May 1, 2009 | 2901-1080 | |||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Five: Understanding Ammonia Volatilization from Fertilizers | Loss of nitrogen (N) as ammonia gas (NH3) is known as volatilization. While
volatilization directly from soil can occur, such loss is generally relatively small
compared to the amount that can be lost from fertilizers. Volatilization losses can be
significant with granular urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) sources, but the amount
of loss varies greatly depending on placement of the fertilizer, soil pH, soil texture,
and climatic conditions after application. |
Sep 29, 2020 | 2908-1404 (SPES-264NP) | ||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Six - Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources and Properties | Nov 16, 2018 | 2908-1405 (SPES-78NP) | |||
Pop-up and/or Starter Fertilizers for Corn | Nov 16, 2018 | 3002-1438 (SPES-77NP) | |||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Two: Nitrogen Fertilizer Injection in No-Till Systems | Liquid nitrogen fertilizers have typically been surface applied. This method of
application places the fertilizer where the urea nitrogen component of the solution is
susceptible to volatilization losses. |
Sep 22, 2020 | 3011-1516 (SPES-265NP) | ||
Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Three: Manure Injection | Aug 30, 2019 | 3011-1517 | |||
Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Virginia Small Grains | Fusarium head blight (FHB), or scab, continues to impact small grain crops grown in Virginia. Caused primarily by the fungus Fusarium graminearum (also known as Gibberella zeae), this disease can negatively impact yield and grain quality. |
Mar 4, 2011 | 3102-1535 | ||
Managing Virginia's Steep Pastures | May 1, 2009 | 418-005 | |||
No-Till Seeding of Forage Grasses and Legumes | May 1, 2009 | 418-007 | |||
Controlled Grazing of Virginia's Pastures | May 1, 2009 | 418-012 | |||
Planting and Managing Switchgrass for Forage, Wildlife, and Conservation | May 1, 2009 | 418-013 | |||
Nitrogen Soil Testing For Corn in Virginia | Feb 7, 2019 | 418-016 (SPES-64P) | |||
Winter Seeding Methods to Establish Clover in Permanent Pasture | Jun 10, 2010 | 418-022 | |||
Potassium Fertilization of Cotton | May 1, 2009 | 418-025 | |||
Sod Source Selection, Installation, Maintenance, and Producers in Virginia | While high-quality sod is available outside of the
VCIA-certified sod program, the consumer is
encouraged to be aware of factors that are important
in determining sod quality. Quality sod contains
excellent turf varieties with good sod strength (i.e.,
easy to handle for both harvest and installation) and has no
serious insect, weed, or disease problems. |
Feb 19, 2016 | 418-040 (CSES-151P) | ||
Virginia's Horse Pastures: Forage Establishment | May 1, 2009 | 418-103 | |||
Virginia's Horse Pastures: Renovating Old Pastures | May 1, 2009 | 418-104 | |||
Forage Establishment: Getting Off to a Good Start | May 1, 2009 | 418-120 | |||
Putting the Punch Back in Your Pastures: Pasture Renovation | May 1, 2009 | 418-134 | |||
Fertilizing Cool-Season Forages with Poultry Litter versus Commercial Fertilizer | Aug 30, 2019 | 418-142 | |||
The Nutritive Value of Common Pasture Weeds and Their Relation to Livestock Nutrient Requirements | Aug 6, 2009 | 418-150 | |||
Herbage Quality, Biomass, and Animal Performance of Cattle Grazing. Part I: Forage Biomass, Botanical Composition, and Nutritive Values | Nov 19, 2009 | 418-151 | |||
Herbage Quality, Biomass, and Animal Performance of Cattle Grazing. Part II: Animal Performance | Nov 19, 2009 | 418-152 | |||
No-Tillage Small Grain Production in Virginia | May 1, 2009 | 424-005 | |||
Growing Small Grains for Forage in Virginia | Dec 19, 2018 | 424-006 (SPES-81P) | |||
Growing Hulless Barley in the Mid-Atlantic | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-022 | |||
Growing Bread Wheat in the Mid-Atlantic Region | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-024 | |||
Nitrogen Management for Winter Wheat: Principles and Recommendations | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-026(SPES-82P) | |||
Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilization of Corn | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-027 | |||
Phosphorus, Agriculture & The Environment | Jan 24, 2019 | 424-029 | |||
Successful No-Tillage Corn Production | Mar 20, 2019 | 424-030 | |||
Corn Planting Dates in the Piedmont and Valley Regions of Virginia: How Early is Early? | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-032 | |||
Corn Planting Dates in the Virginia Coastal Plain: How early is early? | Feb 13, 2019 | 424-033 | |||
Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates | Aug 30, 2019 | 424-035 | |||
Tips for Profitable Variety Selection: How to Use Data From Different Types of Variety Trials | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-040 | |||
Deep Tillage Prior to No-Till Corn: Research and Recommendations | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-053 | |||
Understanding Pre-harvest Sprouting of Wheat | Mar 29, 2019 | 424-060 | |||
Agronomy Handbook, 2000 | May 1, 2009 | 424-100 |
|
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Nitrogen Fertilization of Winter Barley: Principles and Recommendations | Jan 24, 2019 | 424-801 | |||
Groundwater Quality and the Use of Lawn and Garden Chemicals by Homeowners | May 1, 2009 | 426-059 | |||
Fertilizing the Vegetable Garden | The amount of fertilizer to apply to a garden depends
on the natural fertility of the soil, the amount of
organic matter present, the type of fertilizer used, and
the crop being grown. The best way to determine
fertilizer needs is to have the soil tested. Soil testing is
available through your local Extension agent, through
private labs, and with soil test kits which can be
purchased from garden shops and catalogs. |
Apr 16, 2015 | 426-323 (HORT-144P) | ||
Control of Common Pasture and Hayfield Weeds in Virginia and West Virginia | May 1, 2009 | 427-002 | |||
Aerating Your Lawn | Dec 1, 2012 | 430-002 | |||
Summer Lawn Management: Watering the Lawn | Apr 1, 2019 | 430-010 (SPES-126P) | |||
Fertilización del Césped en Virginia | Jan 20, 2017 | 430-011s (CSES-166P) | |||
Calibrating Your Lawn Spreader | May 1, 2009 | 430-017 | |||
Trees and Shrubs for Acid Soils | The trees and shrubs on your new home site are growing poorly, so you take samples to the Extension office and the agent suggests a soil test. Test results show that your soil has a pH of 4.5, which is rated as strongly acid. The agent suggests you either take corrective action to raise the pH or grow different plants. What do the test results mean? What are “acid soils” and what does pH measure? Why does this matter to your plants? How can you correct the situation or what alternative trees and shrubs can you grow? |
Apr 8, 2015 | 430-027 (HORT-115P) | ||
Urban Nutrient Management Handbook | Aug 16, 2019 | 430-350 | |||
Nutrient Management for Golf Courses | May 1, 2009 | 430-399 | |||
Nutrient Management for Lawn Service Companies | May 1, 2009 | 430-400 | |||
Characterization of Turfgrass Nutrient Management Practices in Virginia | May 1, 2009 | 430-401 | |||
Mowing To Recycle Grass Clippings: Let the Clips Fall Where They May! | May 1, 2009 | 430-402 | |||
Winter Management and Recovery Tips to Optimize Athletic Field Safety and Performance for Spring Sports | Nov 2, 2009 | 430-408 | |||
Fall Lawn Care | The fall season is an important transition period of
turfgrass growth and development, and the management
of your warm- and cool-season grasses at this
time of year means a great deal in terms of anticipated
success in your lawn the following spring. |
Jul 20, 2020 | 430-520(SPES-223P) | ||
"Leave" Them Alone: Lawn Leaf Management | Jul 10, 2020 | 430-521 (SPES-212P) | |||
Maintenance Calendar for Warm-Season Lawns in Virginia | Sep 25, 2019 | 430-522 (SPES-161P) | |||
Maintenance Calendar for Cool-Season Turfgrasses in Virginia | Sep 25, 2019 | 430-523 (SPES-162P) | |||
Pest Monitoring Calendar for Home Lawns in Virginia | May 1, 2009 | 430-524 | |||
Spring and Summer Lawn Management Considerations for Cool-Season Turfgrasses | May 1, 2009 | 430-532 | |||
Spring and Summer Lawn Management Considerations for Warm-Season Turfgrasses | May 1, 2009 | 430-533 | |||
Lawn Moss: Friend or Foe? | May 1, 2009 | 430-536 | |||
Soil Testing for the Lawn and Landscape | May 1, 2009 | 430-540 | |||
Nitrogen Management for White Potato Production | Sep 28, 2009 | 438-012 | |||
Determining Forage Moisture Concentration | Harvesting and storing forage at the proper moisture concentration is essential to producing a high-quality product. Ideally, hay forage should have a moisture concentration between 15 percent and 18 percent during baling. Hay baled at higher moisture levels is subject to heat damage, dry-matter loss, mold spoilage, and hay fires. Protein and total digestible nutrient losses are increased for hay baled at lower moisture levels. Baling at the proper moisture level is critical to making quality hay, especially for larger bales (round and square) since moisture and heat dissipate more slowly in comparison to smaller bales. |
Jul 2, 2020 | 442-106(BSE-330P) | ||
Planning Fencing Systems For Controlled Grazing | Feb 11, 2019 | 442-130 (BSE-247P) | |||
Impact of Changing From Nitrogen- to Phosphorus-Based Manure Nutrient Management Plans | Aug 30, 2019 | 442-310 | |||
Biochar in Agricultural Systems | Aug 20, 2010 | 442-311 | |||
Management Tips for Round Bale Hay Harvesting, Moving, and Storage | Hay production and feeding is one of the most expensive components of
forage-livestock systems. Specific management practices are necessary to
maintain hay quality and minimize hay loss during harvest, transportation
and storage of large round bales. |
Jul 1, 2020 | 442-454 (BSE-332P) | ||
Large Round Bale Safety | This Extension publication covers the safety aspects
of equipment used in large round bale packages such
as: balers, front-end loaders, bale handling and transport
devices. The key to safe and efficient systems for
handling large round bales is an operator who knows
the hazards involved and who follows safety practices
that can prevent accidents. Operators must be
constantly alert for situations that may cause injuries
to themselves or others. Besides pain and suffering,
accidents contribute to higher costs in terms of unnecessary
downtime or costly machine repairs. Alertness
and safety consciousness can result in more efficient
and profitable baling and handling. |
May 26, 2020 | 442-455 (BSE-331P) | ||
Virginia Household Water Quality Program: Hardness in Household Water | May 10, 2019 | 442-664 (BSE-258P) | |||
Virginia Household Water Quality Program: Corrosive Household Water | May 3, 2019 | 442-665 (BSE-259P) | |||
Virginia Household Water Quality Program: Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Household Water | Apr 26, 2019 | 442-666 (BSE-260P) | |||
On-Site Sewage Treatment Alternatives | Mar 27, 2018 | 448-407 (CSES-222P) | |||
Identification and Control of Honeyvine Milkweed (Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britt.) in Virginia | A perennial with slender, twining stems that may reach 10 feet in length. |
May 1, 2009 | 450-139 | ||
Water Reuse: Using Reclaimed Water for Irrigation | Water reuse can be defined as the use of reclaimed water for a direct beneficial purpose. |
Aug 29, 2018 | 452-014 (SPES-1) | ||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Commercial Crop Production | Feb 6, 2020 | 452-124 (SPES-174NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Home Lawns, Gardens, Fruits, and Ornamentals | Nov 15, 2019 | 452-125 (SPES-172NP) | |||
Forma Para el Muestreo de Suelos de Céspedes, jardines, frutas y ornamentales en el hogar | May 30, 2018 | 452-125S (SPES-8NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Commercial Greenhouse and Nursery Production | Jun 23, 2017 | 452-126(CSES-190NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Surface-Mined Areas | Jun 23, 2017 | 452-127 (CSES-189NP) | |||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Golf Courses and Industrial Lawns | Jun 23, 2017 | 452-128(CSES-187NP) | |||
Soil Sampling for the Home Gardener | This publication explains how to obtain representative soil samples and to submit them for analysis to the Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory. |
Feb 6, 2020 | 452-129 (SPES-176P) | ||
Mid-Atlantic Composting Directory | This directory is intended to provide contact
information for service and equipment suppliers, along
with sources for information and education. Every
attempt has been made to present accurate information.
Contents are for informational purposes only and are
based on details provided by the organizations and
entities listed. Inclusion in this directory does not
constitute an endorsement by the publishers of the
products or services of any business organization or
individual listed herein. |
Aug 30, 2018 | 452-230 (SPES-51P) | ||
Compost: What Is It and What's It To You | Feb 28, 2018 | 452-231 (CSES-204P) | |||
Sources of Lime for Acid Soils in Virginia | Acid soil limits crop yields on many Virginia farms. This soil acidity can be directly toxic to plants, but more often it reduces the plants' efficiency at nutrient utilization. |
Aug 9, 2019 | 452-510 (SPES-158P) | ||
Explanation of Soil Tests | The accompanying Soil Test Report will help you assess your plant's need for fertilizer and lime. |
Dec 7, 2018 | 452-701 (SPES-75NP) | ||
Soil Test Note #2 - Field Crops | Most Virginia soils are acidic and require lime applications at three- to five-year intervals. Maintaining the correct soil pH has several benefits, such as encouraging healthy root development and making sure nutrients in the soil are available to the plant. For example, low pH can cause aluminum toxicity and can decrease phosphorus availability. |
Sep 9, 2019 | 452-702 (CSES-100P) | ||
Soil Test Note No.3 - Liming and Fertilization of Cool-Season Forage Crops | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-703 | |||
Soil Test Note #4 - Trace Elements | Dec 7, 2018 | 452-704 (SPES-76NP) | |||
Soil Test Note 5: Fertilizing With Manures | Aug 30, 2019 | 452-705 | |||
Soil Test Note 17: Lawn Fertilization for Cool Season Grasses | May 1, 2009 | 452-717 | |||
Soil Test Note 18: Lawn Fertilization for Warm Season Grasses | May 1, 2009 | 452-718 | |||
Soil Test Note 19: Vegetable and Flower Gardens (Supplement to Soil Test Report) | Oct 11, 2019 | 452-719 | |||
Soil Test Note 20: Home Shrubs and Trees | May 1, 2009 | 452-720 | |||
Soil Test Note 23: Christmas Tree Crops | Jul 14, 2009 | 452-723 | |||
Laboratory Procedures: Virginia Tech Soil Testing Laboratory | The procedures for soil analysis used in the Soil Testing Laboratory were established in the early 1950s
A routine test, consisting of eleven separate analyses, is performed on all samples. |
Mar 18, 2019 | 452-881 (SPES-91P) | ||
Powell River Project - Foundations for Housing on Reclaimed Mined Lands | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-115 (CSES-218P) | |||
Powell River Project - Growing Christmas Trees on Reclaimed Surface-mined Land | Sep 2, 2009 | 460-116 | |||
Powell River Project - Conversion of Sericea Lespedeza-dominant Vegetation to Quality Forages for Livestock Use | Mar 15, 2018 | 460-119 (CSES-219P) | |||
Powell River Project - Creation and Management of Productive Minesoils | Mar 15, 2018 | 460-121 (CSES-209P) | |||
Powell River Project - Revegetation Species and Practices | Mar 26, 2018 | 460-122 (CSES-210P) | |||
Powell River Project - How to Restore Forests on Surface-mined Land | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-123 (CSES-211P) | |||
Powell River Project - Establishing Groundcover for Forested Postmining Land Uses | Mar 15, 2018 | 460-124 (CSES-212P) | |||
Powell River Project - Establishment and Maintenance of Quality Turfgrass on Surface-mined Land | Mar 15, 2018 | 460-127 (CSES-213P) | |||
Powell River Project - Management of Cow-Calf Production on Reclaimed Surface-Mined Land | Feb 12, 2010 | 460-128 | |||
Powell River Project - Stabilizing Reclaimed Mines to Support Buildings and Development | Mar 27, 2018 | 460-130 (CSES-214P) | |||
Powell River Project - Reclamation of Coal Refuse Disposal Areas | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-131 (CSES-215P) | |||
Powell River Project - Reclaiming Mined Lands as Industrial Sites | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-132 (CSES-217P) | |||
Powell River Project - Passive Treatment of Acid-Mine Drainage | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-133 (CSES-216P) | |||
Powell River Project - Restoring the Value of Forests on Reclaimed Mined Land | Dec 4, 2009 | 460-138 | |||
Powell River Project - Recovery of Native Plant Communities After Mining | Mar 20, 2018 | 460-140 (CSES-220P) | |||
Powell River Project - Mine Permitting to Establish Productive Forests as Post-Mining Land Uses | Sep 29, 2009 | 460-141 | |||
On-Site Treatment and Disposal of Residential Wastewaters on Mined Lands | The development of Southwest Virginia’s coal mining
region is limited by a lack of building sites. Much of
the land in this region consists of steep slopes with
shallow soils that are poorly suited to residential
development. In recent years, widespread surface
coal mining has created landforms that are favorably
located and configured to support residential housing.
However, because such sites are commonly located
beyond the extent of public sewers, developing them
requires a means for on-site wastewater treatment and
dispersal. This publication is written for homeowners,
homebuilders, land developers, public officials, and
others who may have an interest in building residential
housing or other types of development on mined
lands that are not accessible to public sewers.
|
Jul 27, 2015 | 460-142(CSES-115P) | ||
Powell River Project - Reforestation Guidelines for Unused Surface Mined Lands in the Eastern United States | Mar 16, 2018 | 460-144 (CSES-221P) | |||
Powell River Project - Enhancing Wildlife Habitat on Reclaimed Mine Lands | Mar 15, 2018 | 460-145 (CSES-208P) | |||
VCE Model of Community, Local, Regional Food Systems | Oct 7, 2016 | ALCE-154NP | |||
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems | Nov 2, 2016 | ALCE-155NP | |||
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems (CLRFS) Forum Report | Oct 7, 2016 | ALCE-156NP | |||
Community, Local, and Regional Food Systems (CLRFS) Forum Executive Summary | Virginia’s food system directly impacts the survival and viability of farms and farmland; the economic development of rural and urban communities; the care, restoration, and resilience of ecological resources such as local waterways; and critical health issues. We use the language of community, local, and regional food systems to broadly define a complex and interconnected set of systems and pathways that comprise sustainable food production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management to bring about social, economic, and ecological change that benefits all residents. |
Oct 7, 2016 | ALCE-157NP | ||
2012 Virginia On-Farm Small Grain Test Plots | Jul 20, 2012 | ANR-19NP | |||
Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia's Golf Courses | Jan 9, 2019 | ANR-48NP | |||
2018 Virginia Peanut Production Guide | Jan 29, 2018 | AREC-229NP | |||
Rotary Mowers Safety: Lawn Care Training Guide Mower Care and Safe Use | Mowing lawns continues to be one of the most popular
summer job opportunities for youth given the affordable
cost and ease in operation of most rotary mowers.
However, easy access and widespread use of mowers
often creates a false sense of security among the users
of these machines. Data from a seven-year period
(1996-2003) showed the highest rate of hospitalization
from lawn mower injuries was for youth workers ages
15 to 19. The Consumer Product Safety Commission
reported that more than 37,000 riding mower injuries
occurred from 2003 through 2005 alone. During
the same period, there were 95 fatalities due to riding
mower tip-over. The purpose of this training guide is to
reduce the number of mower accidents and injuries by
familiarizing young workers with rotary mowers and
their safe operation. |
Apr 16, 2020 | BSE-110P(BSE-315P) | ||
Lawn Care: Hand Tools Safety | May 16, 2019 | BSE-40NP (BSE-98P) | |||
Lawn Care: Powered Hand Tool Safety | May 16, 2019 | BSE-41NP (BSE-97P) | |||
Lawn Care: Rotary Mower Safety | May 16, 2019 | BSE-42NP (BSE-96P) | |||
Lawn Care: Tractor Safety | May 16, 2019 | BSE-43NP (BSE-100P) | |||
Lawn Care: Utility-Type Vehicle Safety | May 16, 2019 | BSE-44NP (BSE-99P) | |||
Guidelines for Protecting Youth Workers: Promote Safe Practices and Protect Youth Workers | The goal of this training guide is to reduce the number of accidents and related injuries among the youth workers in the green industry by making workplaces safer. This guide is primarily for employers or supervisors of youth workers in the green industry. In addition to familiarizing the employers/supervisors with the regulations associated with hiring youth workers, the guide discusses the steps they can take to make their work environments safer. It also covers the responsibilities of guardians and youth workers for making workplaces safer. |
Apr 17, 2020 | BSE-46NP (BSE-314P) | ||
Rotary Mowers Safety: Lawncare Training Guide | Mowing lawns continues to be one of the most popular summer job opportunities for youth given the affordable cost and ease in operation of most rotary mowers. However, easy access and widespread use of mowers often creates a false sense of security among the users of these machines. Data from a seven-year period (1996-2003) showed the highest rate of hospitalization from lawn mower injuries was for youth workers ages 15 to 19. The Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that more than 37,000 riding mower injuries occurred from 2003 through 2005 alone. During the same period, there were 95 fatalities due to riding mower tip-over. The purpose of this training guide is to reduce the number of mower accidents and injuries by familiarizing young workers with rotary mowers and their safe operation. |
Apr 16, 2020 | BSE-47P (BSE-315P) | ||
Tractor Safety: Lawn Care Training Guide, Safe Use of Tractors | Tractors are versatile equipment used in a variety of jobs ranging from hauling goods to lawn care to agriculture. While they are extremely versatile, they can be very dangerous unless they are used with care following safe practices |
Apr 7, 2020 | BSE-48P (BSE-321P) | ||
Utility Type Vehicles: UTV Maintenance and Safe Use Lawn Care Training Guide | Utility type vehicles (UTVs) are popular equipment
used in a variety of settings, including the lawn care
industry. Their hauling capacity and versatility have
increased their popularity, and they are widely used in
rural, suburban, and urban settings for a variety of lawn
care, agricultural, construction, and industrial applications.
Considering that UTVs are widely used in the
green industry, it is extremely important that young
workers in the industry become familiar with the safe
operation of UTVs. The purpose of this training guide
is to familiarize young workers with the safe use of
UTVs. |
Aug 21, 2019 | BSE-49P (BSE-264P) | ||
Powered Hand Tools Safety: Lawn Care Training Guide | In addition to rotary mowers, many powered hand tools such as string trimmers, lawn edgers, hedge trimmers, and leaf blowers are widely used in lawn care. While these devices are very useful in making jobs easier and more efficient, they can be dangerous if used without proper training and care. In 1989 the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that power lawn trimmers and edgers alone have caused about 4,600 injuries annually that required medical attention. About one-third of these were eye-related. |
Apr 28, 2020 | BSE-50P (BSE-322P) | ||
Hand Tools Safety: Lawn Care Training Guide Hand Tool Care and Safe Use | Many hand tools such as rakes, shovels, and pruners
are used widely in lawn care operations. While these
non-powered tools are not known to cause major
injuries, they have the potential for injuries that may
require absence from work and/or medical assistance
when they are used improperly. |
Apr 17, 2020 | BSE-51P (BSE-323P) | ||
Decentralized Small Community Wastewater Collection Systems | Wastewater is a significant source of carbon, sediment,
nutrients, pathogens, and other potential pollutants.
Reducing the quantity of these contaminants before
they are discharged to either groundwater or surface
water is essential to preserve or enhance water quality
in receiving waters. This is accomplished through the
installation of wastewater treatment and collection systems.
The form of these systems can vary substantially.
In Virginia, they range in size from 5,000 to 50,000
gallons per day; 49 percent are public systems and the
remainder are private (Parten 2008). |
Jul 10, 2014 | BSE-77P | ||
2014 Virginia Bollgard II Xtendflex Variety Trial | Lint yield and fiber quality of commercially available cotton varieties and experimental lines of Bollgard II XtendFlex tested in 2014 in Suffolk, VA. |
Apr 29, 2015 | CSES-113NP | ||
Virginia Cover Crops Fact Sheet Series No. 1: Beneficial Uses of Cover Crops | The general purpose of a cover crop is to improve the soil, the broader
environment, or other crops in rotation, not for direct harvest. Cover
crops, depending on which are selected, are capable of providing many
diverse assets. This publication provides a short description of these
main benefits. |
Sep 23, 2020 | CSES-120NP (SPES-241NP) | ||
Virginia Cover Crops Fact Sheet Series No. 2: Cover Crop Performance Evaluation in Field and Controlled Studies | Cover crops increase soil organic matter, reduce erosion, suppress weeds,
forage for nutrients, and reduce fertilizer costs (Clark, 2007). Cover
crop species vary greatly and provide varied benefits. Performance
evaluation of cover crop species and mixtures is needed in Virginia. |
Sep 23, 2020 | CSES-121NP (SPES-240NP) | ||
The Mid-Atlantic Nutrient Management Handbook | Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, and
Virginia, the five states in the Mid-Atlantic region, all require Certified
Nutrient Management Plans to be completed for certain agricultural
programs. |
Jun 1, 2020 | CSES-122P | ||
Nitrogen and Sulfur Leaching Potential in Virginia | Early summer often means locally heavy and sporadic rainfall as thunderstorms deliver intense rains, and 2015 appears to be no different with many areas in eastern Virginia receiving 3+ inches of rain in a few days (Figure 1). These storms also often coincide with the timing of sidedress nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) applications on corn. While some rainfall after sidedress is very beneficial to facilitate N movement into soil, heavy rain (2+ inches) often leaves us wondering how much, if any, of that recently-applied N remains and if additional N is needed. |
Jun 19, 2015 | CSES-125NP | ||
The Nutrient Value of Straw | The mature and dried stem, leaves, and chaff remaining after barley and wheat are harvested is known as straw. Many farmers around Virginia harvest straw by baling in small bales, large round bales, or large square bales that range in weight from 40 to 1,000 lbs. plus per bale. |
Jun 19, 2015 | CSES-126NP | ||
Small Grain Forage Variety Testing, 2015 | A forage production trial of commercial barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat cultivars has been conducted yearly from 1994-2015 at the Northern Piedmont AREC, Orange. Results from the 2014-15 crop season are presented in this report. |
Jun 24, 2015 | CSES-127NP | ||
The Soil and Me: A Perspective on Soil Health | Soil is the foundation upon which our natural
living world depends; it is otherwise known as the
dynamic material that civilization is built on (Lindbo,
Kozlowski, and Robinson 2012). Soil serves diverse
functions that are critical to the survival of humanity;
without the soil, life on earth is inconceivable. It
represents the critical zone of the earth where life,
water, minerals, and air intersect and interact (fig. 1)
because the soil constantly relates with other parts
of nature. The soil is considered a living, dynamic
resource at the earth’s surface and has been defined as
“the unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the
immediate surface of the earth that serves as a natural
medium for the growth of land plants” (SSSA 2015).
The thickness or depth of this surface or layer varies
with the type and environment of the soil. |
Nov 5, 2015 | CSES-132NP | ||
Soybean Growth and Development | Proper management of the soybean crop requires knowledge of how
environmental conditions and pests affect growth during vegetative and
reproductive stages. For example, too little or too much soil moisture at
certain stages may hinder growth and lower yield, and insect pests may
damage the crop at one stage but not another. The information below can
help you determine the proper timing of various management practices. |
Nov 13, 2015 | CSES-134NP | ||
Lawn Fertilization in Virginia | Fertilization of lawns is essential for the production
of quality turf in Virginia. However, exceeding
recommended fertilizer application rates or improper
application timing can negatively impact surface
water and groundwater quality. |
Dec 11, 2015 | 430-011 (CSES-135P) | ||
Measuring Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Soil | The purpose of this document is to provide guidance
on measuring water movement through in situ
saturated soil (saturated hydraulic conductivity, or
Ksat) as it relates to dispersal and treatment of on-site
sewage (wastewater) through an on-site wastewater
dispersal area |
Mar 22, 2016 | CSES-141P (CSES-164P) | ||
Guidelines for In-House Composting Poultry Mortality as a Rapid Response to Avian Influenza | Composting is a biological heating process that results in the natural degradation of Composting is a biological heating process that results in the natural degradation of
organic resources (such as poultry carcasses) by microorganisms. Composting has
been successfully used throughout the United States for nearly two decades to control
outbreaks of avian influenza. Composting can be effective with most bird types and poultry house designs.organic resources (such as poultry carcasses) by microorganisms. Composting has been successfully used throughout the United States for nearly two decades to control outbreaks of avian influenza. Composting can be effective with most bird types and poultry house designs. |
Sep 24, 2015 | CSES-142NP | ||
Defining Silvopastures: Integrating Tree Production With Forage-Livestock Systems for Economic, Environmental, and Aesthetic Outcomes | May 23, 2016 | CSES-146P | |||
Virginia Tech Corn Silage Testing 2015 | This report contains the results for performance trials from commercial corn
hybrids produced for silage at four locations in Virginia in 2015 as well as
two and three year average performance, when available. In order to avoid
problems with comparisons over sites and years, multi-year yields are
presented as a percentage of the total called relative yield at that
particular site-year combination. All locations were planted with a
Wintersteiger PlotKing 2600 planter and harvested with commercial silage
equipment. Yields are presented on a dry matter and 35% dry matter basis for
comparison. Quality analysis was performed using a Foss NIR XDS Rapid
Content Analyzer. All hybrids entered in the Virginia trials were submitted
for testing by commercial companies. The locations at which particular
hybrids were entered were specified by the company. Companies entering
hybrids were charged a fee for each hybrid per location to support the
Virginia Corn Silage Performance Trials. |
Nov 6, 2015 | CSES-148NP | ||
Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials in 2015 | Performance trials of commercial corn hybrids were conducted at six locations
in Virginia in 2015. The Mt. Holly location consisted of both an irrigated
and non-irrigated test. All locations were planted with a Wintersteiger
PlotKing 2600. All locations were harvested with a Massey-Ferguson 8XP plot
combine. Yields have been adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Grain test weight,
moisture, and plot grain weights were measured with a GrainGauge®
manufactured by HarvestMaster. A list of the companies participating in the
trials is shown in the above table. All hybrids entered in the Virginia
trials were those submitted by commercial companies. The locations at which
particular hybrids were entered were specified by the company. Companies
entering hybrids were charged a fee for each hybrid per location to support
the Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials. |
Nov 12, 2015 | CSES-149NP | ||
Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Thinning Existing Timber Stands | Silvopastures intentionally integrate trees with forage
and livestock production in a rotational grazing
system. These systems have the potential to improve
animal comfort, increase farm resource use efficiency,
boost income, and mitigate environmental costs. |
Sep 30, 2016 | CSES-155P | ||
Understanding the Texture of Your Soil for Agricultural Productivity | Jul 20, 2016 | CSES-162P | |||
Small Grain Forage Variety Testing, 2016 | A forage production trial of commercial barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat cultivars has been conducted yearly from 1994-2016 at the Northern Piedmont AREC, Orange. Results from the 2015-16 crop season are presented in this report. |
Jun 27, 2016 | CSES-165NP | ||
2017-2018 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | The Maryland-Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendation Work Group meets each Spring to consider the previous year’s data from Virginia and Maryland National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) and ancillary trials and to formulate these recommendations. Virginia and Maryland variety recommendations are essentially identical except for specialized grasses and research situations that differ due to adaptation and state regulation. |
Jun 30, 2017 | CSES-17NP (CSES-195NP) | ||
Yellow Corn in Virginia – Spring 2016 | Many of the corn fields on the Eastern Shore and in Eastern Virginia are “yellow” and stunted due to the weather this Spring (Figs. 1 and 2) and is similar to conditions that Virginia farmers experienced in Spring 2010. There are many reasons for the corn to be yellow that range from nutrient deficiencies to abiotic factors. |
Oct 10, 2016 | CSES-171NP | ||
Virginia Tech Corn Silage Testing 2016 | This report contains the results for performance trials from commercial corn hybrids produced for silage at four locations in Virginia in 2016 as well as two and three year average performance, when available. In order to avoid problems with comparisons over sites and years, multi-year yields are presented as a percentage of the total called relative yield at that particular site-year combination. All locations were planted with a Wintersteiger PlotKing 2600 planter and harvested with commercial silage equipment. Yields are presented on a dry matter and 35% dry matter basis for comparison. Quality analysis was performed using a Foss NIR XDS Rapid Content Analyzer. All hybrids entered in the Virginia trials were submitted for testing by commercial companies. The locations at which particular hybrids were entered were specified by the company. Companies entering hybrids were charged a fee for each hybrid per location to support the Virginia Corn Silage Performance Trials. |
Oct 21, 2016 | CSES-173NP | ||
Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials in 2016 | Performance trials of commercial corn hybrids were conducted at six locations in Virginia in 2016. The Mt. Holly location consisted of both an irrigated and non-irrigated test. All locations were planted with a Wintersteiger PlotKing 2600. All locations were harvested with a Massey-Ferguson 8XP plot combine. Yields have been adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Grain test weight, moisture, and plot grain weights were measured with a GrainGauge® manufactured by HarvestMaster. A list of companies participating in the trials is provided before the table of contents. All hybrids entered in the Virginia trials are those submitted by commercial companies. The locations at which particular hybrids were entered were specified by the company. Companies entering hybrids were charged a fee for each hybrid per location to support the Virginia Corn Hybrid and Management Trials. |
Nov 11, 2016 | CSES-174NP | ||
Value and implications of corn stover removal from Virginia fields | There has recently been increased interest in the use of crop residues for different industrial uses in the US and the world. Corn residue is frequently cited as the most likely candidate for alternate industrial uses because of the large area of production and the relatively large amount of residue produced per acre. Among the potential alternate uses for corn stover, biofuel production has received the greatest attention. |
Apr 6, 2017 | CSES-180 (CSES-182NP) | ||
Soil Judging in Virginia | Jan 25, 2018 | CSES-183 | |||
Creating Silvopastures: Some Considerations When Planting Trees in Pastures | Dec 11, 2017 | CSES-185P | |||
Yellow Corn in Virginia – Spring 2017 | According to Meteorologist Scott Minnick with the NOAA-National Weather Service in Wakefield, VA, May 2017 is “yet another wet and cloudy May for the record books. With the rain on [May 31, 2017], Norfolk moved up to the 3rd wettest May on record.” The 2017 growing year is almost identical to last year (the wettest May on record for Norfolk, VA), with a dry March and April leading into a record breaking cool and wet May as corn tries to establish roots. Young corn largely depends on residual and starter fertilizer prior to sidedress applications and these fractions can be impacted greatly with excessive rain. |
Jul 10, 2017 | CSES-193NP | ||
Facts About Industrial Hemp | Aug 14, 2017 | CSES-196NP | |||
Predicting Soybean Reproductive Stages in Virginia | Oct 7, 2017 | CSES-197P | |||
Small Grains in 2017 | Jul 28, 2017 | CSES-198NP | |||
Optimizing Bermudagrass Athletic Field Winter Survival in the Transition Zone | Nov 15, 2017 | CSES-200P | |||
Using a Summer Stockpiling System to Extend the Grazing Season | Nov 14, 2017 | CSES-201NP | |||
Virginia Soil Judging Scorecard | Feb 13, 2019 | CSES- 202P(4H-845P) | |||
Soil Judging Supplemental Information Sheet | Dec 1, 2017 | CSES- 202P-A | |||
Virginia Tech Corn Silage Testing 2017 | Nov 30, 2017 | CSES-203NP | |||
Internationalizing the Land Grant Mission: Lessons from Senegal | Mar 20, 2018 | CSES-207P | |||
Manure Injection in No-Till and Pasture Systems | Mar 27, 2018 | CSES-22P (SPES-5P) | |||
2017 Cotton Variety Testing and On-Farm Results | Jan 31, 2018 | CSES-225NP | |||
2017 Virginia Grain Sorghum Performance Tests | Feb 21, 2018 | CSES-227 | |||
Harvesting and nutrient replacement costs associated with corn stover removal in Virginia | Feb 21, 2018 | CSES-229NP | |||
Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2017 | Mar 23, 2018 | CSES-232NP | |||
Managing Shrub-Infested, Postmined Pasturelands With Goats and Cattle Part II. Effects on Forage Biomass, Nutritive Values, and Animal Performance | Jan 9, 2012 | CSES-3 | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Soil Testing | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-34NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Watering The Lawn | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-35NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Dethatching Your Lawn | Oct 24, 2019 | CSES-36NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Lawn Composting | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-37NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Aerating Your Lawn | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-38NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Mowing Your Lawn | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-39NP | |||
Managing Shrub-Infested, Postmined Pasturelands With Goats and Cattle. Part I: Effect on Botanical Composition and Browse Species | Jan 18, 2012 | CSES-4 | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Fighting Weeds | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-40NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Choosing The Right Grass | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-41NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Fighting Lawn Pests | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-42NP | |||
A Lawn To Dye For - How to Create a Perfect Lawn: Dealing With Lawn Disease | Oct 14, 2019 | CSES-43NP | |||
Importance of Farm Phosphorus Mass Balance and Management Options | Phosphorus is a naturally occurring element that is one
of 16 elements essential for plant growth and animal
health. Research has documented that applying phosphorus
in fertilizers or manure increases crop growth and
yield on soils that are below critical agronomic levels,
as measured during routine soil testing. Although the
economic benefits of phosphorus fertilization on crop
production are well-documented, too much of a good
thing can be detrimental to the environment. Excessive
soil phosphorus is a potential threat to water quality. |
Feb 21, 2020 | CSES-98P(SPES-178P) | ||
Soil, Conservation, and Place -- Gerald Garber of Cave View Farms | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-213NP | |||
Soil, Conservation, and Place -- Janet Aardema and Dan Gagnon of Broadfork Farm | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-214NP | |||
Soil, Conservation and Place -- Ira Wallace of Southern Exposure Seed Exchange | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-215NP | |||
Soil, Conservation and Place -- C.J. Isbell of Keenbell Farm | Jun 8, 2020 | SPES-216NP | |||
Consider Your Whole System: Nitrogen and Sulfur Leaching Potential in Virginia | Jun 25, 2018 | SPES-39NP | |||
2018 Virginia On-Farm Wheat Test Plots | Aug 24, 2018 | SPES-54NP | |||
Fescue Toxicosis and Some Strategies to Mitigate Alkaloids | May 9, 2018 | SPES-6 |