Resources for Trees, Shrubs, & Groundcovers
Title | Available As | Summary | Date | ID | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagworm | Plants Attacked: Juniper, arborvitae, other cedars, pine, hemlock, spruce, Chinese
elm, honeylocust, primarily. Also on crabapple, maple, sycamore, box elder, willow,
linden, poplar, and many others. |
Mar 4, 2020 | 2808-1008 (ENTO-351NP) | ||
Bagworm | Plants Attacked: Juniper, arborvitae, other cedars, pine, hemlock, spruce, Chinese
elm, honeylocust, primarily. Also on crabapple, maple, sycamore, box elder, willow,
linden, poplar, and many others. |
Mar 4, 2020 | 2808-1008 (ENTO-351NP) | ||
Scale Insects | Scale insects are a peculiar group and look quite different from the typical insects we encounter day to day. Small, immobile, with no visible legs or antennae, they resemble individual fish scales pressed tightly against the plant on which they are feeding. There are over l50 different kinds of scales in Virginia. Many are common and serious pests of trees, shrubs, and indoor plants. |
Feb 26, 2015 | 2808-1012 (ENTO-106NP) | ||
Fall Webworm | Native to North America, the fall webworm occurs throughout the United States and southern Canada. Its hosts include more than 100 species of deciduous forest, shade, and fruit trees, with preferences varying from region to region. |
Mar 6, 2020 | 2808-1013 (ENTO-357NP) | ||
Fall Webworm | Native to North America, the fall webworm occurs throughout the United States and southern Canada. Its hosts include more than 100 species of deciduous forest, shade, and fruit trees, with preferences varying from region to region. |
Mar 6, 2020 | 2808-1013 (ENTO-357NP) | ||
Fusarium Wilt of Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) | Fusarium wilt is a common and lethal disease of mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)1, also commonly known as silktree. In the United States this disease occurs in the east from New York southward and also in Louisiana, Arkansas and California. Fusarium wilt is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis perniciosum. Albizia spp. are the only known host of F. oxysporum'' f.sp. ''perniciosum''. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. perniciosum colonizes and clogs the tree’s vascular
(water-conducting) tissue, and interferes with the movement of plant sap. This results in relatively
rapid tree death. |
Jan 20, 2015 | 2811-1020(PPWS-53NP) | ||
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1033NP | |||
American Beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1033NP | |||
American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea (prior name C. lutea)) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1034NP | |||
American Yellowwood (Cladrastis kentukea (prior name C. lutea)) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1034NP | |||
Evergreen Azalea (Rhododendron species) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1035NP | |||
Evergreen Azalea (Rhododendron species) | Oct 10, 2018 | 2901-1035NP | |||
Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1036NP | |||
Beautybush (Kolkwitzia amabilis) | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1036NP | |||
Boxwood | May 1, 2009 | 2901-1037 | |||
Cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus `Otto Luyken') | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1038NP | |||
Cherrylaurel (Prunus laurocerasus `Otto Luyken') | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1038NP | |||
Cotoneaster | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1039NP | |||
Cotoneaster | Oct 12, 2018 | 2901-1039NP | |||
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1040NP | |||
Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1040NP | |||
Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1041NP | |||
Doublefile Viburnum (Viburnum plicatum var. tomentosum) | Oct 15, 2018 | 2901-1041NP | |||
Drooping Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1042NP | |||
Drooping Leucothoe (Leucothoe fontanesiana) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1042NP | |||
European White Birch (Betula pendula) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1043NP | |||
European White Birch (Betula pendula) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1043NP | |||
Flowering Quince | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1044NP | |||
Flowering Quince | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1044NP | |||
Fraser Photinia, Red Tip | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1045NP | |||
Fraser Photinia, Red Tip | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1045NP | |||
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1046NP | |||
Ginkgo, Maidenhair Tree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1046NP | |||
Goldenraintree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1047NP | |||
Goldenraintree | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1047NP | |||
Green Ash | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1048NP | |||
Green Ash | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1048NP | |||
Japanese Maple | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1049NP | |||
Japanese Maple | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1049NP | |||
Japanese Barberry | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1050NP | |||
Japanese Barberry | Oct 23, 2018 | 2901-1050NP | |||
Japanese Camillia (Camellia japonica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1051NP | |||
Japanese Camillia (Camellia japonica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1051NP | |||
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1052NP | |||
Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1052NP | |||
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1053NP | |||
Japanese Pagodatree, Sophora | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1053NP | |||
Leatherleaf Viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1054NP | |||
Leatherleaf Viburnum (Viburnum rhytidophyllum) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1054NP | |||
Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1055NP | |||
Littleleaf Linden (Tilia cordata) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1055NP | |||
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1056NP | |||
Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1056NP | |||
London Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1057NP | |||
London Planetree (Platanus x acerifolia) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1057NP | |||
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1058NP | |||
Nandina, Heavenly Bamboo (Nandina domestica) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1058NP | |||
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1059 | |||
Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1059 | |||
Old Fashioned Weigela (Weigela florida) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1060 | |||
Old Fashioned Weigela (Weigela florida) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1060 | |||
Oregon Grape Holly (Mahonia) (Mahonia aquifolium) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1061 | |||
Oregon Grape Holly (Mahonia) (Mahonia aquifolium) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1061 | |||
Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1062 | |||
Pin Oak (Quercus palustris) | Oct 5, 2018 | 2901-1062 | |||
Privet (Ligustrum species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1063 | |||
Privet (Ligustrum species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1063 | |||
Red Maple (Acer rubrum) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1064 | |||
Red Maple (Acer rubrum) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1064 | |||
Evergreen Rhododendron (Rhododendron species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1065 | |||
Evergreen Rhododendron (Rhododendron species) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1065 | |||
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea (Hibiscus syriacus) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1066 | |||
Rose-of-Sharon, Shrub Althea (Hibiscus syriacus) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1066 | |||
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1067 | |||
Scarlet Firethorn, Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1067 | |||
Smokebush, Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1068 | |||
Smokebush, Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) | Oct 17, 2018 | 2901-1068 | |||
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1069 | |||
Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1069 | |||
Southern Waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1070 | |||
Southern Waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1070 | |||
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1071 | |||
Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) | Oct 19, 2018 | 2901-1071 | |||
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1072 | |||
Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1072 | |||
Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1073 | |||
Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1073 | |||
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1074 | |||
Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1074 | |||
Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1075 | |||
Vanhoutte Spirea (Spiraea x vanhouttei) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1075 | |||
White Oak (Quercus alba) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1076 | |||
White Oak (Quercus alba) | Oct 24, 2018 | 2901-1076 | |||
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1077 | |||
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1077 | |||
Wintercreeper Euonymus (Eunymus fortunei) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1078 | |||
Wintercreeper Euonymus (Eunymus fortunei) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1078 | |||
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria ) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1079 | |||
Yaupon Holly Cultivars (Ilex vomitoria ) | Oct 26, 2018 | 2901-1079 | |||
Pales Weevil | Pales weevil feeds on all pines within its range. It will also feed, although to a lesser extent, on
Douglas-fir, fir, hemlock, juniper, larch, northern white-cedar, and spruce. |
Jun 30, 2020 | 2902-1102 (ENTO-386NP) | ||
Pales Weevil | Pales weevil feeds on all pines within its range. It will also feed, although to a lesser extent, on
Douglas-fir, fir, hemlock, juniper, larch, northern white-cedar, and spruce. |
Jun 30, 2020 | 2902-1102 (ENTO-386NP) | ||
Emerald Ash Borer | Mar 17, 2016 | 2904-1290 (ENTO-200NP) | |||
Balsam Twig Aphid | Twisted and curled needles are the most apparent damage from feeding by the
balsam twig aphid. Feeding can also cause roughened bark on the twigs. Extensive feeding can cause a general decline and reduced vigor of the tree, yet in many cases is cosmetic and not particularly damaging. The major problem is that curled needles reduce the marketability and value of Christmas trees. Balsam twig aphids also produce honeydew, a sticky material that drops to needles and twigs below. At times the honeydew can become a growth medium for sooty mold, which turns the needles and twigs black. |
Apr 30, 2020 | 2907-1401 (ENTO-367NP) | ||
Pine Bark Adelgid | The pine bark adelgid was introduced from Europe and is now widely distributed in North America, occurring principally throughout the native range of eastern white pine. This insect is also found on Scots and Austrian pine. |
Mar 30, 2023 | 2907-1402 (ENTO-544NP) | ||
Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Landscape Trees | Dec 7, 2018 | 3001-1433 (SPES-83NP) | |||
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid | Jul 13, 2022 | 3006-1451 (ENTO-228NP) | |||
Balsam Woolly Adelgid | Native to central Europe, the balsam woolly adelgid is now distributed throughout eastern and western North America. It attacks all true firs, Abies spp., including balsam and Fraser fir. |
Mar 1, 2021 | 3006-1452 (ENTO-434NP) | ||
Redheaded Sawfly | The redheaded pine sawfly occurs from S.E. Canada throughout the eastern U.S. Feeding is primarily restricted to the two and three-needled pines, such as Jack, red, shortleaf, loblolly, slash, longleaf, and pitch pines. White pine and Norway spruce may also be defoliated. |
Mar 5, 2021 | 3006-1453 (ENTO-429NP) | ||
Austrian Pine, Pinus nigra | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1462 | |||
Bigleaf Hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1463 | |||
Bradford Callery Pear (and other cultivars) Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ | Oct 26, 2018 | 3010-1464 | |||
Canadian Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1465 | |||
Carolina Silverbell, Halesia carolina (formerly H. tetraptera) | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1466 | |||
Cedars, Cedrus spp. | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1467 | |||
Chastetree, Monk’s Pepper Tree, Vitex agnus-castus | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1468 | |||
Chinese Juniper, Juniperus chinensis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1469 | |||
Colorado Spruce, Picea pungens var. glauca | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1470 | |||
Common Periwinkle, Lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1471 | |||
Cornelian Cherry Dogwood, Cornus mas | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1472 | |||
Creeping Juniper, Juniperus horizontalis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1473 | |||
Dawn Redwood, Metasequoia glyptostroboides | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1474 | |||
Dwarf Alberta Spruce, Picea glauca ‘Conica’ | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1475 | |||
Eastern Arborvitae, American Arborvitae, White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1476 | |||
Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana | Oct 31, 2018 | 3010-1477 | |||
English Ivy, Hedera helix | Oct 24, 2018 | 3010-1478NP | |||
European Cranberrybush Viburnum (Guelder Rose), Viburnum opulus | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1479NP | |||
European Hornbeam, Carpinus betulus | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1480NP | |||
European Larch, Larix decidua | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1481NP | |||
Evergreen Hollies, (Ilex spp.) | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1482NP | |||
Flowering Crabapple | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1483NP | |||
Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1484NP | |||
Franklinia | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1485NP | |||
Garden Sumacs, Rhus spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1486NP | |||
Giant Arborviatae, Western Arborvitae | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1487NP | |||
Glossy Abelia | May 1, 2023 | 3010-1488NP | |||
Heaths (several species of Erica) and Heathers (Calluna vulgaris) | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1489NP | |||
Japanese Garden Juniper | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1490NP | |||
Japanese Pachysandra, Japanese Spurge | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1491NP | |||
Japanese Pieris | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1492NP | |||
Lilacs | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1493NP | |||
Mountain-Laurel | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1494NP | |||
Mugo Pine, Pinus mugo | Sep 17, 2018 | 3010-1495NP | |||
Oriental Arborvitae, Thuja orientalis (also known as Platycladus orientalis) | Sep 18, 2018 | 3010-1496NP | |||
Red Twig Dogwoods, Tatarian Dogwood (Cornus alba) and Redosier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) | Sep 21, 2018 | 3010-1497NP | |||
Shore Juniper | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1498NP | |||
White Fringetree, Old-man’s-beard | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1499NP | |||
Yews, Taxus spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1500NP | |||
Yuccas, Yucca spp. | Nov 6, 2023 | 3010-1501NP | |||
Pine Tortoise Scale | Foliage drops, needles usually shorter and may kill tree over period of years -
most damaging on seedlings and young saplings. Often black sooty mold is associated with infestations. |
Mar 24, 2016 | 3101-1529 (ENTO-207NP) | ||
Sap Beetles | Adults are usually black or brown beetles with an oval to oblong shape. They have
clubbed or knobbed antennae and the economically important species typically measure
3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 inch) long. Some sap beetles have short wing covers that do not
cover the entire abdomen. Some species have flattened bodies while others are more
convex. Many sap beetles are a dull color, sometimes with mottling or spots. One
common sap beetle, the picnic beetle [Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say)], is an
attractive shiny black beetle with four yellow-orange bands or spots on the wing
covers. |
Mar 5, 2021 | 3104-1546 (ENTO-431NP) | ||
Rose Chafer | Mar 1, 2021 | 3104-1564 (ENTO-436NP) | |||
Rose Scale | Apr 22, 2022 | 3104-1565 (ENTO-501NP) | |||
Lace Bugs | Apr 18, 2022 | 3104-1581 (ENTO-500NP) | |||
Obscure Scale | Heavily infested trees will have large numbers of scales on twigs and branches. Scales may also be found on exposed roots and on the trunk of young trees. Scale insects feed on plant sap with their long thread-like mouthparts (stylets), which are several times longer than the insect itself. |
Apr 18, 2022 | 3104-1583 (ENTO-499NP) | ||
Exotic Invasive Plants | Invasive exotic species are plants that are not native to
a given area and have the ability to out-compete indigenous
plant species. Invasive exotics are often brought
into their non-native surroundings by humans with
good intentions. |
Apr 29, 2020 | 420-320 (CNRE-105NP) | ||
Invasive Exotic Plant Species: Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) | Autumn olive was introduced to the U.S. from Japan and
China in 1830. It was originally planted for wildlife habitat,
shelterbelts, and mine reclamation, but has escaped
cultivation. It is dispersed most frequently by birds and
other wildlife, which eat the berries. |
Apr 28, 2020 | 420-321 (CNRE-97P) | ||
Invasive Exotic Plant Species: Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) | Several species of Asian honeysuckle have been introduced
in the United States for their ornamental and
wildlife values. Honeysuckle is perhaps the most widespread
exotic invasive in the U.S., now found in at least
38 states. The Asian honeysuckle produces abundant
seeds which are dispersed by birds and other wildlife.
It also spreads by sprouting from its roots. Because it
tolerates shade from other plants, it grows in forest
understories. |
Apr 1, 2020 | 420-323 (CNRE-95P) | ||
Characteristics of Common Western Virginia Trees | Forest management is a complex process. Silviculture—a system in which healthy communities of trees and other vegetation are established and maintained for the benefit of people—uses forest ecology to guide complex management prescriptions that mimic forest disturbances and processes.
Silvics—the natural characteristics of trees—play an important role in prescribing effective silviculture. |
May 20, 2020 | 420-351 (ANR-118NP) | ||
The Art of Bonsai | Oct 7, 2020 | 426-601 (SPES-246P) | |||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Boxwoods | Aug 2, 2023 | 426-603 (HORT-290P) | |||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Rare and Unusual Trees | There are many tree species that can be successfully
grown in Virginia, but are rarely seen in our landscapes.
Although not ordinarily recommended or readily available,
these trees may be useful to carry out a specific landscape
theme, to substitute for an exotic type which is not locally
adapted, or may be prized for unusual form, flowers, fruits,
bark, or foliage. |
May 19, 2021 | 426-604 (SPES-320P) | ||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Groundcovers | Landscapes are composed of plants that form ceilings, walls, and floors spaces. Groundcovers serve as attractive carpets of foliage that cloak and beautify our landscape “floors” (fig. 1). A groundcover is a low-growing plant species — 3 feet tall or shorter — that spreads to form a relatively dense layer of vegetation. In covering bare soil, groundcovers reduce soil erosion and provide habitat for insects and other animals, along with a host of other positive environmental effects. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-609 (HORT-31P) | ||
Selecting Landscape Plants: Flowering Trees | May 19, 2021 | 426-611 (SPES-321P) | |||
Shrubs: Functions, Planting, and Maintenance | What is a shrub? A shrub is generally considered a multi-stem woody plant that is less than 15 feet tall. Of course, this and other plant size categories are definitions contrived by humans to categorize nature. What is the difference between a large shrub and a small tree? In many cases, there is none. A shrub does not become a tree just because it grows higher than 15 feet. Classifying plants into ground cover, shrub, and tree designations are aids to allow us to conveniently classify and describe plants, albeit with a significant amount of ambiguity. |
Nov 6, 2023 | 426-701 | ||
Planting Trees | Jun 24, 2022 | 426-702 (HORT-248NP) | |||
Using Compost in Your Landscape | Mar 13, 2021 | 426-704 (SPES-304P) | |||
Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs | Maintenance programs should be developed for trees and shrubs in both residential and commercial landscapes. A good maintenance program includes monitoring and controlling insect and disease problems, suppressing weed competition, and making timely applications of water, mulch, and fertilizer. Tree and shrub fertilization is especially important in urban and suburban areas of Virginia where soils have been altered due to construction. These urban soils tend to be heavily compacted, poorly aerated, poorly drained, and low in organic matter. Even where soils have not been affected, fertilization may be needed as part of a maintenance program to increase plant vigor or to improve root or top growth. |
Jul 12, 2021 | 430-018 (HORT-120P) | ||
Fertilización de árboles y arbustos (Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs) | Los árboles y arbustos necesitan nutrientes para crecer
y estar sanos. Los tres nutrientes más importantes son
nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Un análisis de suelos es
siempre la mejor manera de saber qué nutrientes se
necesitan y la cantidad necesaria de cada uno. |
Jul 12, 2021 | 430-018S (SPES-338P) | ||
Trees for Problem Landscape Sites -- Air Pollution | Aug 10, 2020 | 430-022 (HORT-123P) | |||
Trees and Shrubs that Tolerate Saline Soils and Salt Spray Drift | Concentrated sodium (Na), a component of salt, can damage plant tissue whether it contacts above or below ground parts. High salinity can reduce plant growth and may even cause plant death. Care should be taken to avoid excessive salt accumulation from any source on tree and shrub roots, leaves or stems. Sites with saline (salty) soils, and those that are exposed to coastal salt spray or paving de-icing materials, present challenges to landscapers and homeowners. |
Aug 19, 2021 | 430-031 (SPES-342P) | ||
Pruning Crapemyrtles | Apr 19, 2022 | 430-451 (SPES-387P) | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning: Pruning Deciduous Trees | May 18, 2022 | 430-456 (SPES-403P) | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Evergreen Trees | May 17, 2022 | 430-457 (SPES-402P) | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning: Stop Topping Trees! | May 1, 2009 | 430-458 | |||
A Guide to Successful Pruning, Pruning Shrubs | May 1, 2009 | 430-459 | |||
Spider Mites | Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae, Order Acari) are not insects; they are closely related to spiders, harvestmen (daddy longlegs), and ticks. Unlike insects, which have six legs and three body parts, spider mites have eight legs and a one-part body. They also lack wings, antennae, and compound eyes. Individual spider mites are almost microscopic, yet when they occur in large numbers, they can cause serious damage. Dozens of species attack shade trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. |
Apr 22, 2022 | 444-221 (ENTO-502NP) | ||
Spruce Spider Mite | The spruce spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae, Oligonychus unuguis (Jacobi))
lives in all areas of Virginia and is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the United States and Canada. It attacks spruce, arborvitae, juniper, hemlock, pine, Douglas fir, Fraser fir, and larch, among others. |
Apr 22, 2022 | 444-235 (ENTO-503NP) | ||
Catalpa Sphinx Caterpillar | Apr 15, 2022 | 444-247 (ENTO-497NP) | |||
Euonymus Scale | Apr 15, 2022 | 444-277 (ENTO-498NP) | |||
Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes | The most effective form of plant disease control in the landscape is prevention. Disease prevention can be as simple as choosing the right plant for the right place at planting time. This fact sheet was developed as a guide to shrubs that generally experience few problems in Virginia landscapes. Using these species for new plantings should help you avoid troublesome disease and insect problems in your landscape. |
Jun 27, 2022 | 450-236 (PPWS-69P) | ||
Arbustos ideales para los paisajes de Virginia (Problem-free Shrubs for Virginia Landscapes) | La forma más eficaz de controlar las enfermedades de los cultivos en nuestro jardín es la prevención. La prevención de enfermedades puede ser tan sencilla como elegir el cultivo adecuado para el lugar adecuado al momento de cultivar. Esta hoja informativa fue desarrollada como una guía de los arbustos que generalmente experimentan pocos problemas en los paisajes de Virginia. El uso de estas especies para las nuevas plantaciones debería ayudarle a evitar problemas de enfermedades e insectos en su jardín. |
Aug 7, 2023 | 450-236s (SPES-429s) | ||
Problem-free Trees for Virginia Landscapes | Many of the tree species commonly planted in Virginia landscapes suffer from disease problems. Although some diseases can be cured, most must be controlled on a preventative basis. The best option for new plantings is to choose species that have a low risk of developing disease.
Listed below, in alphabetical order, are some choices of problem-free trees for Virginia landscapes. |
Jun 29, 2022 | 450-237 (PPWS-70P) | ||
Juniper Tip Blights | Mar 30, 2017 | 450-601 (PPWS-91 NP) | |||
Leaf and Flower Gall of Azalea and Camellia | Leaf and flower gall is a disease that is common on
azaleas and camellias in the spring. The disease has
also been reported on other members of the plant family
Ericaceae. It occurs in home landscapes and nurseries,
and is often seen on flame azaleas in the forest in the
spring. The disease is caused by species of the fungus
Exobasidium. |
Oct 18, 2016 | 450-605 (PPWS-92NP) | ||
Soil Sample Information Sheet for Home Lawns, Gardens, Fruits, and Ornamentals | May 25, 2021 | 452-125 (SPES-322NP) | |||
Soil Test Note 17: Lawn Fertilization for Cool Season Grasses | Mar 16, 2021 | 452-717 (SPES-306P) | |||
Soil Test Note 18: Lawn Fertilization for Warm Season Grasses | Mar 25, 2021 | 452-718 (SPES-305P) | |||
Soil Test Note: 20 Home Shrubs and Trees | Jun 29, 2021 | 452-720 (SPES-336P) | |||
Hiring an Arborist to Care for Your Landscape Trees | Landscape trees are valuable assets to your property and for your community. Keeping your trees attractive, healthy, and safe requires careful attention to their planting and care throughout their lives. While many people have a green thumb, there are situations that arise where the expertise of an arborist is needed to address complex or potentially hazardous tree care needs. The purpose of this publication is to inform home owners, property managers, municipal planners, and others about the tree care services provided by an arborist and the steps that should be taken to hire a qualified arborist. |
Aug 10, 2020 | ANR-131NP | ||
All-Age Management, Demonstration Woodlot | Many forest owners value their forest for wildlife habitat, recreation,
and aesthetics. Given accurate information, many want to manage their
woodlot using sound silviculture but clear-cutting as a regeneration
method may not be visually acceptable. While a profitable timber harvest
is of interest, a visually pleasing residual stand may be more important.
To meet this objective, Stand D1 of the SVAREC forests was selected to
demonstrate All-Age Management using group selection silviculture and
individual thinning of select trees to create four age classes. |
Sep 12, 2019 | ANR-132NP (CNRE-70NP) | ||
Thinning Hardwoods, Demonstration Woodlot | Most forest owners value their forest for wildlife habitat, recreation and aesthetics. Given accurate
information, they may manage their woodlot to achieve these and other goals using sound silviculture. Thinning over-stocked woodlots is one silvicultural management tool. Thinning can modify spacing and diversity of species to meet desired goals which may include timber, wildlife, aesthetics and more. Thinning also improves woodlot vigor by removing over-mature, suppressed, defective or weakened trees. To meet theses objective, Stand D2 was selected for a thinning research & demonstration site. |
Sep 12, 2019 | ANR-133NP (CNRE-69NP) | ||
So You Want To Sell Timber | Research into the attitudes and actions of private forest
landowners shows that although very few own their
forestland for the purpose of producing timber, most
will sell timber at least once in their lifetimes. Private
forest landowners sell timber for a variety of reasons
that range from purely financial to solely for management
purposes. Often landowners do not consider selling
timber until they have an immediate need for cash.
Other times the landowner has planned an immediate
commercial thinning with a full timber harvest scheduled
in 10 years. Whatever the reason(s) for a timber
sale, careful consideration of objectives is paramount. |
Dec 18, 2018 | ANR-154P | ||
Timber Selling Tips: Forestry Fact Sheet for Landowners | Timber harvesting is a valuable tool to help forest
landowners realize certain financial and land management
goals. Following are some suggestions to
consider before selling timber. |
Dec 18, 2018 | ANR-155P | ||
Trees and Water | Oct 19, 2018 | ANR-18NP (CNRE-34NP) | |||
One-Year Health, Mortality, and Growth in Southeast Virginia of Shortleaf Pine From Three Sources | Restoration of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in Virginia has become a priority of various state and federal agencies. For shortleaf pine restoration to be successful in Virginia, private lands must be considered because 89 percent of forestland in Virginia is privately owned, and most private landowners are likely to use commercially available seedling sources.
Shortleaf seedlings from commercially available sources in Virginia, Arkansas, and Missouri were planted in two sites in Southeast Virginia to test growth and yield. After one year, height and ground-line diameter were measured and observations were made on health and mortality of the plants. The Virginia seed source was significantly taller than the Arkansas source. At the first site, mortality and disease were low, but at the second site, mortality and poor health were very high, possibly due to soils combined with weather conditions. No significant seed source effects on disease and mortality were found at either site. |
Oct 25, 2018 | ANR-28P (CNRE-28P) | ||
Environmental Best Management Practices for Virginia's Golf Courses | Jan 7, 2021 | ANR-48NP (SPES-284NP) | |||
How to Plan for and Plant Streamside Conservation Buffers with Native Fruit and Nut Trees and Woody Floral Shrubs | Aug 30, 2018 | ANR-69P (CNRE-27P) | |||
Champion Big Trees of Virginia, 2019-2020 Update | Apr 8, 2020 | CNRE-104NP | |||
Woodland Health Practices Handbook | Dec 13, 2022 | CNRE-109NP | |||
Woodland Health Practices - A Field Guide | May 26, 2023 | CNRE-164NP | |||
Locust Borer | The locust borer is a native insect that attacks black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and its ornamental cultivars. Adult locust borers are conspicuous black and yellow beetles with long black antennae and reddish legs. There is a yellow W-shaped band across the wing covers with other yellow stripes. |
Feb 12, 2021 | ENTO-141NP (ENTO-423NP) | ||
Psocids: Barklice and Booklice | Psocids are small, oval insects with soft bodies that usually measure only several millimeters long. A psocid measuring 6 mm (0.25 inches) long is rather large for this group of insects. Psocids generally occur in shades of brown, black, or pale colors; some have distinctive mottled or striped markings. |
Mar 5, 2021 | ENTO-143NP (ENTO-440NP) | ||
Galls Made by Aphids, Adelgids, Phylloxerans, Psyllids, and Midges | Galls made by made by aphids, adelgids, phylloxerans, psyllids, and midges occur on many different plants. Galls are abnormal growths of plant tissue induced by insects and other organisms. Gall-making parasites release growth-regulating chemicals as they feed, causing adjacent plant tissues to form a gall. The parasite then develops within the relative security of the gall. Most are harmless to trees, but a few are pests. |
Jun 2, 2022 | ENTO-146NP (ENTO-506NP) | ||
Galls and Rust made by Mites | Nov 29, 2022 | ENTO-532NP | |||
Native and Solitary Bees in Virginia | Although honey bees are well known for pollination and honey production,
other bees at times impact humans in various ways. These native bees
range from beneficial to annoying, sometimes at the same time. Native
bees are important pollinators for fruit and vegetables. |
Feb 12, 2021 | ENTO-151NP (ENTO-424NP) | ||
Yellow Poplar Weevil | Rice-shaped holes about 1/16 inches result from adult feeding. Larval feeding
forms mines, usually two per leaf. If they are both on the same side of
midrib, one is extensive, and the other dwarfed. If the insect lays eggs on
opposite sides of the midrib, both mines develop normally. |
May 6, 2020 | ENTO-172NP (ENTO-380NP) | ||
Control of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug with Insecticide-Treated Window Screens | In Virginia and other Mid-Atlantic states, the invasive
brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB) has become a
serious nuisance pest (Rice et al. 2014). Each fall, these
insects aggregate on buildings seeking shelters in which
to spend the winter months. |
Jan 19, 2021 | ENTO-177NP (ENTO-400NP) | ||
Buck Moth | Jan 11, 2023 | ENTO-18NP (ENTO-536NP) | |||
Hag Moth Caterpillar | Jan 10, 2023 | ENTO-19NP (ENTO-541NP) | |||
Fall Cankerworm | Cankerworms are also known as inchworms, loop worms, and spanworms - this is credited to their distinctive way of moving. In order to travel, a cankerworm must grab leaves or
branches with its front legs and then pull the rest of its body forward.
This causes the abdomen area to contract and gives the worm the
appearance of arching its back. |
Feb 5, 2021 | ENTO-223NP (ENTO-404NP) | ||
Jumping Worms (Amynthas spp.) | May 24, 2023 | ENTO-427NP (ENTO-559NP) | |||
Gloomy Scale | Description of Damage: The bark becomes roughened and encrusted with scales. Branches and limbs die back and result in a rapid decline in tree vigor, occasionally resulting in the death of trees.
Seriously weakened trees are common in Virginia as a result of scale populations, especially red and
silver maples. |
Apr 29, 2019 | ENTO-44NP (ENTO-318NP) | ||
Buprestid Beetles and Flathead Borers | Mar 4, 2021 | ENTO-441NP | |||
Box Tree Moth | Mar 10, 2021 | ENTO-445NP | |||
Identification and Life Cycle of Spotted Lanternfly in Virginia | Mar 18, 2022 | ENTO-268NP (ENTO-494NP) | |||
Box Tree Moth in the United States | Oct 31, 2022 | ENTO-525NP | |||
Juniper and Cryptomeria Scales in Residential Landscapes | Nov 30, 2022 | ENTO-533NP | |||
Japanese Maple and Oystershell Scales in Residential Landscapes | Mar 6, 2023 | ENTO-550NP | |||
Pest Alert: Asian Longhorned Beetle | Apr 17, 2023 | ENTO-556NP | |||
Recognizing Asian Longhorned Beetle in Virginia | Apr 25, 2023 | ENTO-557NP | |||
Goldenchain tree, Laburnum × watereri | Sep 20, 2018 | HORT-10NP | |||
Hinoki Falsecypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa | Sep 20, 2018 | HORT-11NP | |||
Japanese Cryptomeria, Cryptomeria japonica | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-12NP | |||
Japanese Stewartia, Stewartia pseudocamellia | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-13NP | |||
Japanese Zelkova, Zelkova serrata | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-14NP | |||
Katsuratree, Cercidiphyllum japonicum | Sep 27, 2018 | HORT-15NP | |||
Kousa Dogwood, Cornus kousa | Oct 1, 2018 | HORT-16NP | |||
Lacebark Pine, Pinus bungeana | Oct 1, 2018 | HORT-17NP | |||
Leyland Cypress, Cupressocyparis leylandii | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-18NP | |||
Mimosa (Silk-tree or Albizia), Albizia julibrissin | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-19NP | |||
Norway Spruce, Picea abies | Oct 2, 2018 | HORT-20NP | |||
Paperbark Maple, Acer griseum | Oct 8, 2018 | HORT-21NP | |||
Red Buckeye, Aesculus pavia | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-22NP | |||
River Birch, Betula nigra | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-23NP | |||
Saucer Magnolia, Magnolia ×soulangeana | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-24NP | |||
Sawara Falsecypress (Japanese Falsecypress), Chamaecyparis pisifera | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-25NP | |||
Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris | Oct 3, 2018 | HORT-26NP | |||
Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum | Oct 5, 2018 | HORT-27NP | |||
Star Magnolia, Magnolia stellata | Oct 5, 2018 | HORT-28NP | |||
Umbrella-Pine (Japanese Umbrella-Pine), Sciadopitys verticillata | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-29NP | |||
Washington Hawthorn, Crataegus phaenopyrum | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-30NP | |||
American Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-5NP | |||
American (Fagus grandifolia) and European (Fagus sylvatica) Beeches | Oct 4, 2018 | HORT-6NP | |||
Chinese Elm (Lacebark Elm), Ulmus parvifolia | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-7NP | |||
Chinese Pistache, Pistacia chinensis | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-8NP | |||
Douglasfir, Pseudotsuga menziesii | Oct 9, 2018 | HORT-9NP | |||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight in the Virginia Home Landscape | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Jan 5, 2021 | PPWS-29NP (PPWS-85NP) | ||
Virginia Boxwood Blight Task Force | To provide leadership in safeguarding and protecting the ornamental horticulture industry,
historical gardens and landscape plantings from boxwood blight. |
Jul 1, 2019 | PPWS-30 | ||
Best Management Practices for Boxwood Blight in Virginia Production Nurseries WITH Boxwood Blight | This Best Management Practice document is a set of guidelines for home growers of landscape boxwood to avoid introduction of the boxwood blight pathogen into a landscape or, if the disease is already present in a landscape, to manage the disease in the most effective manner and avoid spread of the disease to new locations. |
Feb 16, 2021 | PPWS-32NP (PPWS-87NP) | ||
Invasive Tree-of-Heaven & Native Look-Alike Identification Photographs | Jun 24, 2019 | SPES-148NP | |||
Mortality of Great Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia | Since 2015, Extension specialists from Virginia Tech (VT) have visited and collected plant and soil samples from several large areas of dying great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in Virginia’s mountainous regions. In 2016 VT specialists met with Virginia Department of Forestry, US Forest Service personnel, and other experts to revisit some of these sites. No consistent cause of this mortality has yet been identified. It is possible that a variety of factors are stressing the rhododendrons in these areas to a point where opportunistic pathogens or insects can successfully attack and kill them. The following information summarizes our observations and diagnostic results from four separate great rhododendron mortality sites in Virginia. This information is not equivalent to a research study, which would also include samples taken from healthy great rhododendron for comparison; however, we are confident that we have ruled out two diseases that are frequently mentioned both online and anecdotally as a cause of this mortality, specifically Phytophthora root rot and Botryosphaeria dieback. |
Aug 21, 2019 | SPES-151P | ||
How To Plant A Tree | Jul 14, 2020 | SPES-226NP | |||
2020-21 Virginia Turfgrass Variety Recommendations | Feb 25, 2021 | SPES-237NP (SPES-301NP) | |||
The Right Answer: How to Find Unbiased, Research-Based Answers Horticultural Questions | Feb 19, 2021 | SPES-275P | |||
How to Evaluate a Tree | May 19, 2021 | SPES-313P | |||
Edible Landscape Species – Trees | Oct 21, 2021 | SPES-316 | |||
Edible Landscape Species – Shrubs, Vines, and Groundcovers | Oct 21, 2021 | SPES-317 | |||
Maintenance Calendar for Bermudagrass | Jun 21, 2021 | SPES-329NP | |||
Beetlemania | Jul 7, 2021 | SPES-333NP | |||
Cool Season Lawn Renovation | Sep 16, 2021 | SPES-353NP | |||
Managing Fall Armyworms on Lawns | Aug 31, 2021 | SPES-357NP | |||
Chemical Options for Defruiting Young Apple Trees | Apple trees can produce plenty of fruits in the first two years of planting. If kept on the tree until harvest, these fruits would have a negative effect on tree growth and structure. Defruting newly planted and young apple trees (e.g., 2nd and 3rd leaf), particularly those on dwarfing rootstocks, allows the trees to fill their allotted bearing space and become structurally capable of bearing a decent crop by the fourth and fifth year. Although defruting can be achieved manually by removing flower clusters and small fruitlets, several chemical options can make defruting much faster and less labor-intensive. This publication aims to provide information about the rates and application timing of chemical materials apple growers can use to effectively defrut young trees. |
Apr 14, 2022 | SPES-396NP | ||
Fertilizing Landscape Trees and Shrubs - Basic | May 12, 2022 | SPES-397P | |||
Vascular Streak Dieback: An Emerging Problem on Woody Ornamentals in the U.S. | May 17, 2023 | SPES-483P |