http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/category/fisheries.html en Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/rss/rss.html http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/AAEC/AAEC-28/AAEC-28.html Thu, 02 Feb 2012 14:16:54 -0500 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/AAEC/AAEC-28/AAEC-28.html Community Food Systems Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-018/456-018.html Fri, 27 Jan 2012 01:40:09 -0500 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-018/456-018.html Agricultural Insects / Pests Beekeeping Crops Fisheries Forestry Fruits Grapes & Wine Lawns Nursery & Greenhouse Pesticide Education Plant Diseases Turf Vegetables & Specialty Crops Weeds http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html Thu, 22 Dec 2011 15:44:32 -0500 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html Agricultural Insects / Pests Beekeeping Crops Fisheries Forestry Fruits Fruits & Vegetables Grapes & Wine Lawns Nursery & Greenhouse Pesticide Education Plant Diseases Turf Vegetables & Specialty Crops Weeds http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/456-016.html Thu, 22 Dec 2011 11:24:15 -0500 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/456-016.html Agricultural Insects / Pests Beekeeping Crops Fisheries Forestry Fruits Fruits & Vegetables Grapes & Wine Lawns Nursery & Greenhouse Pesticide Education Plant Diseases Turf Vegetables & Specialty Crops Weeds http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/VTTP/VTTP-2/VTTP-2.html Thu, 17 Nov 2011 11:21:02 -0500 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/VTTP/VTTP-2/VTTP-2.html Pesticide Education Agricultural Insects / Pests Crops Weeds Pasture & Forage - Crops & Soils Aquaculture & Seafood Fisheries Forestry Home Pests Soils Home Systems Wildlife Garden Insects / Pests Pasture & Forage - Animal Agriculture http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/3109/3109-1594/3109-1594.html Thu, 29 Sep 2011 11:29:32 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/3109/3109-1594/3109-1594.html Weeds Fisheries Garden & Landscape Design http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-080/600-080.html Thu, 10 Jun 2010 09:36:03 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-080/600-080.html Aquaculture & Seafood Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/465/465-312/465-312.html Wed, 03 Jun 2009 14:20:12 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/465/465-312/465-312.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-802/420-802.html Of the many wildlife management practices the private landowner can do, few are as rewarding as those which favor wood ducks. Wood ducks and a multitude of other wildlife species respond readily to managed wetlands. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-802/420-802.html Wildlife Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-013/420-013.html Fisheries and aquatic resources (ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans) are exceptionally valuable natural assets enjoyed by millions of Americans. They provide citizens with generous long-term benefits in return for minimal care and protection. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-013/420-013.html Fisheries Environmental Quality http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-900/420-900.html The zebra mussel, a small freshwater shellfish native to Europe, is one of the newest invaders of U.S. waters. They are D-shaped in outline and average one-half inch in length-the size of your fingernail-but can grow to two inches during their five year lifespan. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-900/420-900.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-897/420-897.html Fish farming is an ancient practice that can provide many profitable opportunities today. The raising and selling of fish on a commercial basis has proven to be economically successful throughout the United States. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-897/420-897.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-720/420-720.html Fee-fishing, or pay-fishing as the name implies, is buying the right to fish in a private pond, lake, or stream. These are excellent places to practice your fishing skills and teach children the fine art of fishing. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-720/420-720.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-538/420-538.html Inland lakes constitute one of our greatest natural resources. They are immensely popular features, particularly as recreational community developments. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-538/420-538.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-537/420-537.html Natural springs are important aquatic resources. They are a reliable source of clean, high-quality groundwater that flows at a relatively constant rate and temperature. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-537/420-537.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-531/420-531.html The diversity of insects can only be described as amazing. More than half of all known species of living things (microbes, plants, and animals) are insects. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-531/420-531.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-530/420-530.html Six hundred fifty different species of snails are widely distributed across the streams, rivers, and lakes of North America. There are unique species associated with every type of aquatic habitat from the Canadian Arctic to the Everglades of Florida. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-530/420-530.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-529/420-529.html Turtles are freshwater, marine, and terrestrial vertebrates with a shell. There are about 300 living species worldwide in 12 families and about 89 genera. Of these, eight species are marine, 49 are land, and about 250 are freshwater to semiaquatic. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-529/420-529.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-528/420-528.html Of the more than 400 species of salamanders found worldwide, 130 to 150 live in North America. Over 40 percent of these are considered to be at risk. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-528/420-528.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-527/420-527.html About 4,300 species of amphibians (frogs, toads, and salamanders) are found worldwide. Of these, nearly 100 species (actually 80 to 99 species depending on which taxonomist you believe) are frogs and toads that inhabit the United States. About 30 percent of these are in trouble and need your Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-527/420-527.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-526/420-526.html This is the largest and most ecologically diverse family of freshwater fishes in the world. Minnows are exclusively freshwater, although some species stray into brackish, tidal waters. Over 290 species of minnows occur in North America. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-526/420-526.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-525/420-525.html Nearly 800 native fish species in 36 families inhabit the freshwater rivers, streams, and lakes of the United States and Canada. North America has the most diverse temperate freshwater fish fauna in the world. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-525/420-525.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-524/420-524.html Of the approximately 500 crayfishes (some times called crawdads or crawfish) found on earth, about 400 crayfish species live in waters in North America, and about 353, nearly 70 percent of the world’s total species, inhabit waters in the United States. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-524/420-524.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-523/420-523.html Nearly 300 species of mussels inhabit freshwater rivers, streams, and lakes in the United States. This is the richest diversity of mussels found in the world and an extraordinary natural heritage that needs protection. Because of the lustrous, pearl-like interior of the shells, Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-523/420-523.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-522/420-522.html Natural aquatic habitats include ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, springs, estuaries, bays, and various types of wetlands. Some of these habitats are shallow and others deep, some are coldwater and others warm-water, some are freshwater and others saltwater, and some have high oxygen levels and others little oxygen. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-522/420-522.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-521/420-521.html When a species goes extinct, all the genetic information carried by individuals of that species is lost forever, never to be reproduced again. Extinction is a terrible waste of life and a loss of potential solutions to future problems such as possible cures to disease and solutions for survival in a changing world. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-521/420-521.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-520/420-520.html Aquatic biodiversity is the rich and wonderful variety of plants and animals—from crayfish to catfish, from mussels to mayflies, from tadpoles to trout—that live in watery habitats. It is the number of different native species, or species richness. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-520/420-520.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-256/420-256.html Good nutrition in animal production systems is essential to economically produce a healthy, high quality product. In fish farming, nutrition is critical because feed represents 40-50% of the production costs. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-256/420-256.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-255/420-255.html Raising and selling frogs on a commercial basis has not proven to be successful economically in Virginia or elsewhere in the United States to our knowledge. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-255/420-255.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-254/420-254.html “Liming,” as the word suggests, is the addition of limestone (calcite), primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3), to neutralize acid waters and soils and buffer them from rapid fluctuations in pH. Limestone typically is applied to lawns, gardens, pastures, and croplands to supply calcium, an essential plant nutrient, and to decrease soil acidity. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-254/420-254.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-253/420-253.html At times landowners may be confronted with serious water losses resulting from the sudden collapse or gradual deterioration of earthen pond dams, irrigation canals, and drainage ditches. Although the loss of water from small earthen impoundments is frequently due to faulty construction, it may also be the result of undetected biological forces. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-253/420-253.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-252/420-252.html Fish die as a result of a wide variety of natural and unnatural causes. Fish may die of old age, starvation, body injury, stress, suffocation, water pollution, diseases, parasites, predation, toxic algae, severe weather, and other reasons. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-252/420-252.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-251/420-251.html <div xmlns:o="urn:www.microsoft.com/office" xmlns:st1="urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags" xmlns:st2="urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags2" xmlns:w="urn:www.microsoft.com/word" xmlns:x="urn:www.microsoft.com/excel"><p>Aquatic plants growing in ponds and lakes are beneficial for fish and wildlife. They provide food, dissolved oxygen, and spawning and nesting habitat for fish and waterfowl. Aquatic plants can trap excessive nutrients and detoxify chemicals. Aquatic wildflowers such as the water lily are sold and planted to provide floral beauty to garden ponds.</p><p>However, dense growths (over 25% of the surface area) of algae and other water plants can seriously interfere with pond recreation and threaten aquatic life. Water plants can restrict swimming, boating, fishing, and other water sports. Water plants can impart unpleasant taste (musty flavor), decaying vegetation emits offensive odors (rotten egg smell), and algae can discolor pond waters. Dense growths of plants can cause night time oxygen depletion and fish kills. Green plants produce oxygen in sunlight, but they consume oxygen at night. Decomposing water weeds can deplete the oxygen supply, resulting in sport fish kills from suffocation. Dense plant growths can provide too much cover, preventing predation, and leading to stunted (small-sized) sportfish populations.</p></div> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-251/420-251.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-250/420-250.html <p>All other things being equal, clear water ponds can produce many more fish than muddy ponds. Muddy water reduces fish food availability, and interferes with the ability of fish to see and catch prey. Muddy waters favor blue-green algae and bacterial growth, which can impart a bad flavor to drinking water and food fish. Green water is usually the result of algae, which is another type of problem with a different solution than that discussed here. It is a sad irony that the same soil that is vital for agricultural production on land becomes a major pollutant when suspended in water.</p> Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-250/420-250.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-014/420-014.html Nearly 300 species of mussels inhabit freshwater rivers, streams, and lakes in the United States. This is the richest diversity of mussels found in the world and an extraordinary natural heritage that needs protection. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-014/420-014.html Fisheries http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-012/420-012.html Aquaculture, the practice of growing finfish and shellfish under controlled conditions, is not a new concept. The Japanese, Chinese, Romans, Egyptians, and Mayan Indians of South America farmed fish for food and recreation prior to 2000 BC. They constructed ponds and raised fish much as fish are raised today. Both freshwater and saltwater fish are currently raised commercially throughout the world. Other fisheries-related products, such as shrimp, crayfish, oysters, clams, and frogs, are also raised commercially. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-012/420-012.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-011/420-011.html Conservative estimates place the correct number of farm ponds in Virginia at over 50,000. These ponds range in size from less than one acre to over 30 acres in size. Unfortunately, many of these ponds are so poorly constructed that they fail to serve the purpose for which they were originally designed; some may be unsafe. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-011/420-011.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-010/420-010.html In Virginia and throughout the United States, interest in fish farming for profit or as a hobby has increased in the past few years. Encouraged by the success of trout farmers in western states and catfish farmers in southern states, prospective fish farmers question if similar opportunities exist in Virginia's fresh waters. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-010/420-010.html Fisheries Aquaculture & Seafood http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-009/420-009.html Prior to 1945, fewer than 250 farm ponds had been constructed in Virginia. Since that time, the construction of small impoundments has increased at a rapid rate. Over 50,000 farm ponds in Virginia serve as sources of water for livestock, crop irrigation, and fire protection; provide flood and erosion control, and furnish recreational swimming, boating, and fishing. Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400 http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-009/420-009.html Fisheries