Crops

Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, Quality Data

Fri, 26 Apr 2013 16:35:00 -0400

2009-2011 Performance of Sorghum Hybrids in the Virginia-Carolina Region

Thu, 25 Apr 2013 16:35:00 -0400

Based on data from the U.S. Grain Council (www.grains.org), grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the United States and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. The United States, with approximately 9.7 million acres harvested in the 2009-10 cropping season, is the world’s largest producer of grain sorghum, followed by India and Nigeria. Sorghum production in the U.S. is concentrated in the central and southern plains of five states — Kansas, Texas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Missouri — representing approximately 89 percent of total production. In many parts of the world, sorghum has traditionally been used for food. In the United States, sorghum is primarily used for animal feed, but also for food and industry derivatives such as wallboard and biodegradable packaging materials. Recently, sweet sorghums have been considered for bioenergy feedstock production.

2011 - 2012 Runner vs. Virginia Peanut Test Results

Fri, 12 Apr 2013 16:35:00 -0400

Planting Considerations and Variety Performance for Virginia Cotton Producers

Mon, 11 Mar 2013 16:35:00 -0400

The purpose of this publication is to provide performance data of the many soybean varieties offered for sale in Virginia. These data should be of benefit to producers and agribusinesses in making selections of varieties for their use. It is realized that not all varieties that are offered for sale in Virginia are included in these tests. There is no implication that varieties not included are inferior in any way, but only that they have not been tested.

Average Relative Yields of Soybean Tested in the Virginia Official Variety Test 2010-2012

Fri, 01 Mar 2013 09:11:00 -0500

Manure Injection in No-Till and Pasture Systems

Wed, 27 Feb 2013 10:15:00 -0500

Pest Management Guide: Field Crops, 2013

Mon, 18 Feb 2013 11:24:00 -0500

Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2012

Thu, 14 Feb 2013 16:35:00 -0500

Pest Management Guide: Horticultural and Forest Crops, 2013

Thu, 14 Feb 2013 15:44:00 -0500

2013 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Tue, 12 Feb 2013 15:31:00 -0500

Virginia Cotton Production Guide 2013

Wed, 06 Feb 2013 09:39:00 -0500

2012 Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean

Mon, 28 Jan 2013 09:39:00 -0500

2012 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results - Agronomic and Grade Data

Wed, 16 Jan 2013 09:37:00 -0500

2012 Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots

Thu, 20 Dec 2012 08:54:00 -0500

2012 Virginia On-Farm Corn Test Plots

Thu, 29 Nov 2012 17:01:00 -0500

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare, L.) Weed Control

Fri, 16 Nov 2012 16:35:00 -0500

2012 Performance of Sorghum Hybrids in Virginia

Fri, 16 Nov 2012 12:51:00 -0500

Troubleshooting The Soybean Crop

Fri, 16 Nov 2012 09:11:00 -0500

Effects of Drought and Heat on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea, L.) Production

Thu, 20 Sep 2012 16:35:00 -0400

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare, L.) Marketability Grain Color and Relationship to Feed Value

Fri, 31 Aug 2012 16:35:00 -0400

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare, L.) Insects Corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)]

Fri, 31 Aug 2012 16:35:00 -0400

2011 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results - Quality Data

Tue, 28 Aug 2012 09:37:00 -0400

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare, L.) Diseases Head mold

Tue, 21 Aug 2012 16:35:00 -0400

Pyridine Herbicide Carryover: Causes and Precautions

Wed, 09 May 2012 14:24:43 -0400

Average Relative Yields of Soybean Tested in the Virginia Official Variety Test 2009-2011

Thu, 22 Mar 2012 09:11:11 -0400

2012 Flue-cured Tobacco Production Guide

Thu, 23 Feb 2012 14:18:19 -0500

Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2011

Wed, 15 Feb 2012 16:35:48 -0500

2012 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Wed, 08 Feb 2012 15:31:35 -0500

Keys to Proper Use of Pesticides

Read the label on each pesticide container before each use. Follow the printed
instructions to the letter; heed all cautions and warnings; note precautions
about residues.
Store pesticides in the containers in which you bought them. Put them where
children and animals cannot get to them — preferably locked-up and away from
food, feed, seed, and other materials that may become harmful if contaminated.
Dispose of empty containers in the manner specified on the label.
See your doctor if symptoms or illness occurs during or after use of pesticides!

Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2011

Wed, 01 Feb 2012 10:57:28 -0500

2011 Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean

Wed, 01 Feb 2012 09:39:47 -0500

Virginia Cotton Production Guide 2012

Wed, 01 Feb 2012 09:39:47 -0500

2011 Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots

Tue, 17 Jan 2012 08:54:10 -0500

2011 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, Agronomic and Grade Data

Mon, 09 Jan 2012 09:37:42 -0500

Best Management Practices for Bioenergy Crops: Reducing the Invasion Risk

Thu, 05 Jan 2012 10:03:52 -0500

Soybean Neamtode Management Guide

Mon, 02 Jan 2012 16:41:34 -0500

Nematodes, or unsegmented roundworms, feed in or on roots of plants. More than 100 species of plant-parasitic nematodes feed on soybean roots, but only a few are economically important. In Virginia, most nematode species can be found in the sandier Coastal Plain soils. However, some nematode species can also develop and reproduce on the heavier-textured soils of the Piedmont and Shenandoah Valley. This guide will focus on those that can cause damage to soybeans in Virginia.

Peanut Crop Physiology Related Projects at Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center 2010

Fri, 16 Dec 2011 09:44:01 -0500

Pesticide Applicator Manuals

Thu, 17 Nov 2011 11:21:02 -0500

Wireworm control experiment in potatoes in Abingdon, VA in 2011

Thu, 03 Nov 2011 09:48:24 -0400

Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2010

Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:18:30 -0400

Tips for Profitable Variety Selection: How to Use Data From Different Types of Variety Trials

Fri, 29 Jul 2011 13:57:43 -0400

Selecting an appropriate, high-yielding variety is one of the most important management decisions that producers make. Yield potential is clearly important, but the decision is complicated by such factors as the cropping system, the need for disease resistance, end-use quality goals, year-to-year climatic variation, and the need to select multiple varieties in order to reduce risk by spreading out flowering and maturity dates.

Small Grains In 2011

Thu, 21 Jul 2011 15:09:05 -0400

The following tables present results from barley and wheat varietal tests conducted in Virginia in
2009-2011. Small-grain cultivar performance tests are conducted each year in Virginia by the
Virginia Tech Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences and the Virginia
Agricultural Experiment Station. The tests provide information to assist Virginia Cooperative
Extension Service agents in formulating cultivar recommendations for small grain producers and
to companies developing cultivars and/or marketing seed within the state. Yield data are given
for individual locations and across locations and years; yield and other performance
characteristics are averaged over the number of locations indicated in parenthesis near the
column heading. Performance of a given variety often varies widely over locations and years
which makes multiple location-year averages a more reliable indication of expected performance
than data from a single year or location. Details about management practices for barley and
wheat are listed for each experimental location.

Compact Soil Sampling Strategy for White Grubs

Thu, 30 Jun 2011 13:55:55 -0400

Annual white grubs (WG) are early-season pests attacking corn seeds and seedlings (Figure 1). Heavy WG infestations can cause stand and yield losses of up to 20%. Because grubs occur in the soil, their presence in fields and subsequent damage to corn may go unnoticed until too late. Also, 30% overwintering mortality in WG densities is typical in VA. Insecticidal seed treatments such as clothianidin (Poncho^TM) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser^TM) are the tools of choice for controlling soil insect pests. Growers typically must decide whether to purchase insecticide-treated seed well in advance of spring planting.

2011 Flue-Cured Tobacco Production Guide

Thu, 24 Mar 2011 11:26:40 -0400

The flue-cured tobacco budget is an estimate of the costs to produce 2500 pounds of marketable tobacco. Expense values used in the budget are based upon projected input prices and recommended production practices. Every producer is encouraged to adjust this budget using the right hand
column to reflect production practices and prices that are relevant to their own farming operation. This column is your estimated cost of production.

2010 PEANUT VARIETY AND QUALITY EVALUATION RESULTS Quality Data

Thu, 24 Mar 2011 10:09:21 -0400

Along with agronomic and grade information, data on kernel and pod quality are essential for release of new peanut cultivars to ensure acceptability by the entire peanut trade. The present report contains the quality data collected on 11 Virginia-type cultivars that currently are on the market and 25 advanced breeding lines tested in the Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation (PVQE) small plots in 2010. The small PVQE plots with 36 varieties were tested at six locations in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: Suffolk, VA, Southampton Co., VA, Martin Co., NC, Rocky Mount, NC, Whiteville, NC, and Florence, SC. At Suffolk three and at Martin Co., NC, two planting dates were achieved. For the other locations, only one planting date was done. Each genotype was replicated 3 times at each location and planting date. Varieties’ names and pedigree are presented in Table 1. Since none of the advanced breeding lines were proposed for release, PVQE seed increase plots were not planted in 2010. A detailed description of the plant material, test locations, weather conditions, and cultural practices is included in the PVQE 2010 Results. I. Agronomic and Grade Data, at http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/3101/3101-1523/3101-1523.html.

2011 Burley Tobacco Production Guide

Tue, 22 Mar 2011 10:07:27 -0400

The production of an ample supply of uniform, healthy plants that are available reasonably early in the transplanting season is the first step for a successful crop. The best practice is to produce your own transplants. Doing so will reduce the likelihood of importing disease and pest problems onto your farm. The next best alternative is to buy transplants from someone in your local community. If you must import transplants
purchasing certified disease free transplants is strongly recommended.

Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2010

Tue, 01 Mar 2011 10:03:46 -0500

2009-2010 Performance of Sorghum Hybrids in the Virginia‐Carolina Region

Tue, 25 Jan 2011 12:51:07 -0500

Average Relative Yields of Soybean Tested in the Virginia Official Variety Test 2008-2010

Tue, 25 Jan 2011 12:11:25 -0500

2010 Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots

Mon, 24 Jan 2011 08:44:44 -0500

2010 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results: Agronomic and Grade Data

Fri, 14 Jan 2011 10:29:11 -0500

Virginia Cotton Production Guide 2011

Wed, 12 Jan 2011 08:24:55 -0500

Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Fungicides in 2009

Tue, 21 Dec 2010 14:14:43 -0500

2010 Virginia On-Farm Corn Test Plots

Tue, 21 Dec 2010 13:48:33 -0500

Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Two: Nitrogen Fertilizer Injection in No-Till Systems

Tue, 16 Nov 2010 14:55:00 -0500

Virginia No-Till Fact Sheet Series Number Three: Manure Injection

Tue, 16 Nov 2010 10:15:04 -0500

Peanut Crop Physiology Related Projects at Tidewater Agricultural Research & Extension Center 2009

Thu, 09 Sep 2010 10:59:17 -0400

Days to Soybean Physiological Maturity

Thu, 09 Sep 2010 10:32:01 -0400

Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2009

Thu, 09 Sep 2010 10:22:37 -0400

Description and Performance of the Virginia-Market-Type Peanut Cultivars

Fri, 20 Aug 2010 15:12:21 -0400

Small Grains In 2010

Wed, 04 Aug 2010 11:30:51 -0400

Corn Fertility Update – Spring 2010

Fri, 11 Jun 2010 10:46:37 -0400

Suggested Soybean Seeding Rates for Virginia

Fri, 11 Jun 2010 10:21:46 -0400

Average Relative Yields of Soybean Varieties Tested in the Virginia Official Variety Test 2007-2009

Tue, 20 Apr 2010 12:07:22 -0400

Selecting high-yielding soybean varieties is one of the most important steps for profitable production. To help
with variety selection, Virginia Tech conducts full-season and double-crop variety tests in five regions of the
Commonwealth. These regions include the Upper and Lower Piedmont, the Upper and Lower Coastal Plain, and
Eastern Shore.

Multi-year averages give greater confidence to variety performance. Data presented here is an average taken
from multiple-locations over the past three growing seasons and includes varieties that have been tested in the last
2 years. The greater number of locations, the greater confidence that the variety will perform as indicated. Actual
yield in bushels per acre is not listed. Instead, variety performance is represented as the average relative yield, or
a percentage above or below the average yield of all varieties of the similar maturity at the same location.
Average relative yield removes some of the bias that occurs with multi-year averages when varieties are not tested
at each location.

Actual yield and other performance data from these tests are available at your county Cooperative Extension
office or can be found on the web at www.vaes.org.vt.edu/TAREC/holshouser/variety.html.

Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2009

Wed, 24 Mar 2010 09:33:33 -0400

The purpose of the publication is to provide research-based information to aid in the decision-making process for grain producers in Virginia. It provides an unbiased evaluation of certain varieties, management practices, and new technology through on-farm replicated research using producer equipment and time. The plot work and analyzed results enable those producers to make management decisions based on research and provides them a greater opportunity to improve yields and profits, which can improve the quality of life for them and their families. The success of these on-farm plots is very dependant on the cooperative effort of the producer and the assisting agribusiness.

Effects of Twin-Row Spacing on Corn Silage Growth Development and Yield in the Shenandoah Valley

Thu, 18 Mar 2010 15:01:11 -0400

A Decision Tool to Compare the Profitability of Utilizing Poultry Litter or Commercial Fertilizer to Meet Soil Test Recommendations

Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:43:32 -0400

2009 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, Quality Data

Mon, 15 Mar 2010 10:54:51 -0400

Pop-up and/or Starter Fertilizers for Corn

Mon, 08 Mar 2010 09:52:11 -0500

Common Diseases of Soybean in the Mid-Atlantic Region

Wed, 17 Feb 2010 15:26:39 -0500

Common diseases of soybean are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes. Some diseases are spread by insect vectors and nematodes while others are spread by wind, splashing rain, or movement in soil. The best way to determine if disease control would be profitable is to first identify the diseases that are capable of causing conomic yield losses. Symptoms of disease include plant damage caused by a pathogen and the reaction of plants to infection. Signs are the visible evidence of the pathogen. Some diseases have characteristic symptoms and signs that are identifiable in the field.

Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, 2009. I. Agronomic and Grade Data

Mon, 11 Jan 2010 14:56:56 -0500

Peanut is an important crop for the Virginia and the Carolinas. It annually brings over $90 million to the economies of this region from over 180,000 acres planted every year. For example this year, 12,000 acres were planted in Virginia and 70,000 in North Carolina. Average yield was approximately 3,500 lb/A in both states. Due to environmental similarities and existence of a strong peanut industry tailored to process primarily the large-seeded Virginia- type peanut, growers in Virginia and North Carolina generally grow the same peanut varieties. More recently, farmers in South Carolina started to grow the large-seeded Virginia-type varieties as well. For example this year, growers in South Carolina planted approximately 70,000 acres of Virginia-type peanut. In the view of this common interest in the Virginia-type peanut, the three states are working together through a multi-state project, the Peanut Variety Quality Evaluation Project (PVQE), to evaluate advanced breeding lines and standard varieties throughout their production regions. The objectives of this project are: 1) to determine yield, grade, quality, and disease response of released peanut varieties and advanced breeding lines at various locations in the Virginia and the Carolinas, 2) develop a database for Virginia-type peanut to allow research-based selection of the best genotypes by growers, industry, and the breeding programs, and 3) to identify the most suited peanut genotypes for various regions that can be developed into varieties. This report contains agronomic and grade data of the PVQE tests in 2009.

Green Stem Syndrome in Soybean

Tue, 22 Dec 2009 17:15:04 -0500

Palmer Amaranth Control in Soybean: 2009 Efficacy Experiments

Tue, 22 Dec 2009 15:53:19 -0500

Palmer Amaranth Control in Cotton: 2008 & 2009 Efficacy Experiments

Tue, 22 Dec 2009 14:48:09 -0500

Virginia Soybean Performance Tests 2009

Thu, 17 Dec 2009 09:58:29 -0500

Virginia Cotton Production Guide 2010

Thu, 10 Dec 2009 08:24:55 -0500

Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Fungicides in 2008

Thu, 19 Nov 2009 08:51:09 -0500

Cost and benefit of seed treatments and Temik 15G in furrow for seedling disease and nematode control in Virginia, 2008

Thu, 19 Nov 2009 08:32:56 -0500

2009 Virginia Cotton Production Guide

Wed, 07 Oct 2009 10:04:10 -0400

Nitrogen Management for White Potato Production

Mon, 28 Sep 2009 08:52:03 -0400

One of the challenges of white potato production, as with any crop, is the efficient management of nitrogen
(N) fertilizer. Excessive N fertilizer applied at or before tuberization can extend the vegetative growth period and delay tuber development, resulting in a lower tuber yield. However, too much N applied later in the season can delay maturity of the tubers, reducing
yield and adversely affecting tuber quality and skin set. Conversely, under-application of N at any point in the season can result in lower tuber yields and reduced profits. Environmental considerations must also be taken into account in N fertilizer management. Nitrogen
is a mobile nutrient in the soil and any excess N has the potential to move off-site via leaching or surface runoff. This is particularly true on the coarse-textured, low-organic matter soils common to the Eastern Shore, the premier potato-producing region in Virginia. These factors make the appropriate N rate and N application timing critical for successful white potato production.

Managing Stink Bugs in Cotton: Research in the Southeast Region

Wed, 23 Sep 2009 10:29:03 -0400

Stink bug pests across the south eastern cotton belt consist of three main species: the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say); the green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say); and the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) Due to the diverse environmental conditions across this production region, population levels of these species vary widely across seasons, states, and fields. In North Carolina and Virginia, green and brown stink bugs are the primary species, while southern green and brown stink bugs predominate in Georgia,and all three species are commonly observed in South Carolina.

Impact of Changing From Nitrogen- to Phosphorus-Based Manure Nutrient Management Plans

Wed, 16 Sep 2009 12:46:46 -0400

Animal manures are a good source of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for agricultural crops, but they have an imbalance in their N to P ratio, so that if they are applied to meet crop N needs, then P is overapplied. For many years, manures have been applied to meet crop N needs, which has resulted in some soils containing more P than crops require, leading to environmental concerns. Regulations have been developed to limit P losses from manures and soils high in P by moving manure nutrient management from an N basis to a P basis.

Tools to More Efficiently Manage In-Season Corn Nitrogen Needs

Wed, 02 Sep 2009 11:29:03 -0400

Virginia Tech On-Farm Small Grain Test Plots - Eastern Virginia, August 2009

Fri, 28 Aug 2009 08:48:46 -0400

The demonstration and research plot results discussed in this publication are a cooperative effort by seven Virginia Cooperative Extension agents, several extension specialists from Virginia Tech, area
producers, and agribusinesses. We are proud to present this year’s on-farm wheat plot work to you. The 2008-09 wheat season was a tough one for producers. Below normal temperatures in the fall and winter
reduced tillering, and wet conditions in the spring delayed harvest and resulted in low quality and yields in many areas. With wheat prices down considerably and input costs relatively high, wheat producers
will need to really focus on maximum economic yields during 2009-10 to produce profitable wheat.

The Organic Way - Plant Families

Mon, 17 Aug 2009 16:32:10 -0400

Knowing which family a plant belongs to can be useful in making decisions about crop rotations for managing pests and soil fertility. Plants that are in a family are genetically related, so they share similar characteristics.

Production of Dahlias as Cut Flowers

Tue, 11 Aug 2009 15:33:11 -0400

Beginning cut flower growers, dazzled by brilliant photographs, often order dahlia tubers from bulb company catalogs for Spring planting. The hopeful grower normally pays five or six dollars per plant and either receives one single tuber or a small clump of tubers that resemble little brown yams. The grower carefully plants the tubers six inches deep in early May in full sun and hopes for the best.

Characteristics of Good Quality Transplants

Tue, 11 Aug 2009 15:06:42 -0400

If you're planning to use transplants this spring make sure the 2005 season gets off to a productive start by planting good quality transplants. While terms like "good quality" leave room for some subjective interpretation, there are characteristics that can be defined to aid in determining if the transplants are of good quality.

Determining the Cause of Plant Problems

Tue, 11 Aug 2009 09:28:30 -0400

Sell Cut Flowers from Perennial Summer-flowering Bulbs

Wed, 05 Aug 2009 12:24:29 -0400

Commercial producers of field-grown flower cut flowers generally have a wide selection of crops to sell in April, May and June. Many species of annual and especially perennial cut flowers bloom during these three months. A group of plants that may offer new opportunities for sales of cut flowers during mid-summer are summer-flowering bulbs.

Reduction in Sediment Movement in Plasticulture

Tue, 04 Aug 2009 15:34:03 -0400

Tomato plasticulture is currently one of the most profitable agricultural enterprises on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The advantages of plastic mulch include soil warming, weed suppression, water and fertilizer conservation and early yield enhancement. However, runoff and sediment movement may adversely impact the rapidly expanding clam aquaculture enterprises that are extremely sensitive to changes in water quality, including sediment movement.

Fertilizer Types and Calculating Application Rates

Tue, 04 Aug 2009 14:46:45 -0400

GAPs: Common Sense for Fresh Produce Growers

Fri, 31 Jul 2009 11:13:53 -0400

Over the past several years, when and where we can, cooperative extension has introduced the GAPs (Good Agricultural Practices) program to fresh produce growers across the state. In particular the message has been directed to our wholesale growers who sell to brokers and commercial chain stores.

Successful No-Tillage Corn Production

Wed, 29 Jul 2009 12:10:08 -0400

8 Tips for Transitioning to Organic Production

Wed, 29 Jul 2009 08:55:02 -0400

The transition phase can be difficult for growers transitioning to organic production. During the transition phase the farming system is undergoing many changes in physical, chemical and biological properties.

Natural Plant Hormones Are Biostimulants Helping Plants Develop Higher Plant Antioxidant Activity For Multiple Benefits

Mon, 27 Jul 2009 12:47:58 -0400

For the November, 2003 SE Strawberry Expo at Durham, NC, I was asked to make a presentation on the topic "Introduction to Foliar Feeding." Several folks helped me find background reference information on this subject, which was used to assemble this presentation and is included herein. I hope this information will help you produce better berry, fruit and vegetable crops!

Farming in the Mid-Atlantic

Mon, 27 Jul 2009 10:13:01 -0400

Lisianthus (Eustoma Grandiflorum), A New Species for the Cut Flower Market

Wed, 22 Jul 2009 10:35:55 -0400

A wildflower known in certain western states as Prairie Gentian has fallen into the hands of plant breeders to become a really hot new cut flower species - lisianthus. This flower is beautiful. The blooms are graceful and refined. They resemble rose buds on long sturdy stems. I

Adding Cut Flowers May Increase Profits

Wed, 15 Jul 2009 08:40:29 -0400

Vegetable growers who sell produce at farmers' markets, at roadside stands, to restaurants and to local supermarkets may find that they can bring in additional income by adding fresh cut flowers to the inventory of products they sell.

Making Replant Decisions for Slug Damaged Corn and Soybean Stands

Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 -0400

Slugs cause significant economic injury to corn and soybean crops in Virginia every year. Symptoms of slug feeding will vary depending on the size or the growth stage of the crop, and the size of the slug. In corn, slug damage is typically limited to defoliation of emerging leaves.

Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2008

Wed, 13 May 2009 00:00:00 -0400

Cool temperatures and rainfall delayed planting of cotton and peanut until after 20 April in Virginia. Thereafter, rainfall was widely scattered and soil temperatures averaged above 60 ºF which allowed planting to proceed in a timely manner. Most crops showed good emergence after planting throughout Eastern Virginia, except for some stand losses in early plantings of corn.

2011 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

2010 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results 2008

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2008

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results, 2008

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Insect Pest Management in Virginia: Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean 2010

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Fungicides in 2007

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Soybean

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. Four Palmer amaranth plants per 100 ft2 of row can reduce soybean yield by 12 to 17%.

Applied Research on Field Crop Disease Control 2007

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Prevention and Control of Palmer Amaranth in Cotton

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), a member of the "pigweed" family, is one of the most troublesome weeds in many southern row crops. Seed can germinate all season and plants can grow to over 6 feet in height. Plants have either male flowers that shed pollen or female flowers that can produce up to 600,000 seed per plant. One Palmer amaranth per 30 foot of row can reduce cotton yield by 6 to 12%.

Float Greenhouse Tobacco Transplant Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Commercial greenhouse production of tobacco transplants first appeared in Virginia in the mid-1980's. Initial adoption of this technology was slow due to the high cost of the structures and equipment. However, widespread acceptance of greenhouse tobacco transplant production has occurred in the 1990's. This has largely resulted from lower greenhouse costs, increased labor costs, and the generally good experiences of early greenhouse tobacco growers.

2008 Burley Tobacco Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Print entire publication in PDF (PDF | 8MB)(112 pages)

Credits (PDF | 86KB)(2 pages)
Table of Contents (PDF | 88KB)(1 page)
Agronomic Practices (PDF | 124KB)(3 pages)
Varieties (PDF | 479KB)(17 pages)
Greenhouse Transplant Production (PDF | 527KB)(16 pages)
Disease Control For Burley Tobacco (PDF | 301KB)(12 pages)
Weed Control In Burley Tobacco (PDF | 230KB)(7 pages)
Tobacco Insect Management (PDF | 288KB)(27 pages)
Harvesting, Curing, Stripping, and Marketing (PDF | 276KB)(5 pages)
EPA Worker Protection Standards for Commonly Used Pesticides For Burley Tabacco 2008 (PDF | 177KB)(17 pages)

2003 Flue-Cured Tobacco Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Front cover (PDF | 484KB)(4 pages)
Table of Contents (PDF | 91KB)(1 page)
Flue-Cured Tobacco Budget Information (PDF | 143KB)(4 pages)
Agronomic Information (PDF | 334KB)(22 pages)
Flue-Cured Tobacco Disease Control (PDF | 261KB)(10 pages)
Weed Control In Flue-Cured Tobacco (PDF | 214KB)(6 pages)
Insects On Tobacco (PDF | 285KB)(18 pages)
Curing Tobacco (PDF | 203KB)(4 pages)
Calibration (PDF | 168KB)(4 pages)
EPA Worker Protection Standards for Commonly Used Pesticides for Flue-Cured Tobacco 2007 (PDF | 226KB)(14 pages)
Virginia Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco Board Annual Report (PDF | 420KB)(4 pages)

Soybean Rust Incidence and the Response of Soybeans to Foliar Fungicides in 2006

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

The spread of soybean rust northward through states along the Atlantic Coast began on soybeans in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. The disease was first reported in South Carolina on 21 August, North Carolina on 14 September, and Virginia on 9 October. The epidemic of 2006 was far reaching in that disease outbreaks occurred on soybeans as far north as Illinois and Indiana and east to Virginia

Soybean Disease Control: Response of Soybeans to Foliar Sprays of Fungicides in 2005

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions VI: Sprayer and Nozzle Technology

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions V: Monitoring, Tracking, and Scouting

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions IV: Cropping Systems and Cultural Practices

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions III: Control with Fungicides

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions II: Identification, Biology, and Ecology

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Asian Soybean Rust - Frequently Asked Questions I: Background and General Information

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2006

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia On-Farm Soybean Test Plots 2007

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2004

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2005

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Potassium Fertilization of Cotton

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2004

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2005

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Phosphorus, Agriculture & The Environment

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Phosphorus (P) is a naturally occurring element that can be found in the earth's crust, water, and all living organisms. Phosphorus (P) is one of 16 elements that are essential for plant growth. Soils in Virginia are naturally low in phosphorus, and most cropping systems on these soils require supplemental phosphorus to maximize their yield potential.

Using the Virginia Cooperative Extension Climate Analysis Web Tool to Develop a Corn Planting Strategy

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

With adequate soil moisture, early-planted corn generally out yields late-planted corn due to its better use of sunlight during June and July. The goal for most producers is to plant as early as possible and still achieve rapid emergence and a good crop stand.

Producing and Marketing Wild Simulated Ginseng in Forest and Agroforestry Systems

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium, Araliaceae family) is a familiar plant to many people in the Southern Appalachian region. For several generations, “digging sang” has been an enjoyable and profitable activity for many mountain people.

Field Production of Cut Flowers: Potential Crops

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Do you have a roto-tiller and at least 1/2 acre of land? Consider cut flower production. Commercial vegetable growers, tobacco farmers, and young people interested in summer income are all potential candidates. Andy Hankins, VCE Extension Specialist for Alternative Agriculture, notes that even large-scale grain and livestock farmers have regained some profitability in their operations by adding cut flower production. For many greenhouse and nursery operations, mid-summer business is slow relative to spring. A field-grown cut flower business is a viable option to fill in the summer production and cash flow gap.

Getting Started in the Production of Field-grown Cut Flowers

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Corn Earworm Biology and Management in Soybeans

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, is the most common and destructive insect pest of soybeans grown in Virginia. Although infestation severity varies, about one-third of our acreage is treated annually. This costs farmers 1.5 to 2 million dollars annually, and requires the application of many pounds of insecticide to crop lands. We may never eliminate this pest from Virginia soybeans, but knowledge of the biology and use of best management practices can help limit insecticide controls to those fields that meet economic threshold criteria. This publication provides current information on corn earworm biology, prediction of outbreaks, pest advisories, scouting procedures, and recently revised economic thresholds.

The Peanut Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

The southern corn rootworm (SCR) has long been considered a major pest of peanuts in North Carolina and Virginia. However, researchers and Extension faculty at Virginia Tech and NC State have determined through more than 400 commercial field trials that the majority of peanut fields do not need to be treated. They have developed and tested a simple-to-use advisory that identifies those fields not at risk for pod damage or economic loss. The Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory can save you time and money as well as help you use insecticides more efficiently.

European Corn Borer

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Description of Damage

European corn borer (ECB) is a major pest of corn grown for grain in Virginia. This pest is found throughout the commonwealth, but its population density fluctuates from year to year in a given locality. Typical damage to corn plants caused by this insect are reduced plant vigor leading to subsequent ear drop and stalk lodging.

Identification

When fully grown, ECB larvae are 3/4 to 1 inch in length and creamy-white to pink in color. The larval head capsule is dark brown and, on top of each abdominal ring or segment, there are several small dark brown or black spots. (Figure 1)

Cabbage and Seedcorn Maggot

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Cabbage maggots canbe very destructive pests of early-season plantings of cole crops: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts. Additional hosts include beet, radish, turnip, and celery.

Seedcorn maggots are known to attack asparagus, cabbage, turnip, radish, onion, beet, spinach, potato, and sprouting corn seeds. Seedcorn maggots can also be very damaging to beans and peas and new plantings of alfalfa.

Identifying Soybean Fields at Risk to Leaf-Feeding Insects

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

What is LAI? Leaf area index (LAI) is the ratio of leaf area to land area. Soybean requires LAI values of at least 3.5 to 4.0 by early to mid-reproductive developmental stages to achieve maximum yield for that year and environment. A soybean crop that does not achieve adequate LAI could be at risk to yield loss from insect leaf-feeders, whereas, fields with high (4+) LAI can sustain significant insect feeding with little to no effect on yield. This publication will aid producers in evaluating soybean fields at risk to yield reduction from leaf-feeding insects.

Integrated Pest Management Peanut Scouting Manual

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Integrated Pest Management

In the competitive global peanut market, you need to lower production costs. At the same time, you also need to keep pesticide residues in peanuts to a minimum; protect rivers, streams, and lakes from runoff; and prevent chemicals from leaching through the soil to groundwater. Using IPM to protect crops only from pests that are likely to cause economic losses is a good way to meet these goals.

The Three Keys to IPM

Scout the crop regularly and systematically to identify pests.
Use control measures only when monitoring shows that a pest is likely to reach economically damaging levels.
Apply the lowest effective amount of pesticide using equipment that is correctly calibrated.

Slugs in Field Corn

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Scientific Names: Deroceras reticulatum (gray garden slug) (Fig. 1), Deroceras laeve (marsh slug) (Fig. 2), Arion subfuscus (dusky slug) (Fig. 3)

Size: Mature slugs vary in size from 1/2 inch to several inches in length; however, the typical size range of slugs found in cornfields is about 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches.

Color: Mature slugs are gray to brownish-gray, depending on the species. Immature slugs resemble adults in color (Fig. 4).

Asiatic Garden Beetle in Field Corn

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Order: Coleoptera

Family: Scarabaeidae

Species: Maladera castanea (Arrow)

Size: The adult beetle is 5/16 to 7/16 of an inch long (slightly smaller than a Japanese beetle adult). A fully developed grub (third instar) measures about 3/4 inch long

Color: The adult is chestnut brown or reddish brown in color and faintly iridescent (Fig. 1). The grub (immature stage) is off white except for a distinct head capsule and three pairs of true legs that vary from in color from orange to dark brown.

Description: The beetle abdomen is covered by a pair of hardened forewings, or elytra, which are not used in flight. Instead, their main purpose is to protect the hind wings, which are folded up under the elytra when the insect is not in flight. The grub has a distinct head capsule and three pairs of true legs and will fold into a 'C' shape when disturbed (Fig. 2). It is very easy to differentiate an Asiatic garden beetle grub from other annual white grub species with the aid of a 10x power hand lens. The grub has a single transverse row of spines on the underside of the last abdominal segment, or raster, and a 'Y' shaped anal slit (Fig. 3).

Root-knot Nematode in Field Corn

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Order: Tylenchida

Family: Heteroderidae

Species: Meloidogyne incognita (southern root-knot nematode), M. arenaria (peanut root-knot nematode), M. javanica (Javanese root-knot nematode), M. hapla (northern root-knot nematode; not found in corn)

Size: Adult females are up to 1/16 inch in diameter.

Color: Adult females are a translucent cream color.

Description: Adult females are pear shaped and sedentary.

Japanese Beetle in Field Corn

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Scientific Name: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Popillia japonica Newman

Size: Adult is 1/3 to 1/2 inch long; the fully developed grub or larva is 1/2 to 1 inch long.

Color: The adult is shiny metallic green with copperbrown wing covers and is characterized by the presence of five tufts of white hairs which protrude from under the wing covers along each side of the abdomen, with two additional tufts of white hairs on the tip of the abdomen (Fig. 1); the grub has a distinct head capsule that is dark brown to orange in color with the rest of the body an off-white or grayish color due to the presence of soil or fecal matter in the hindgut (Fig. 2).

Comparison of Yield, Maturity, Value and Susceptibility to TSWV in Virginia- and Runner-type Varieties of Peanut in 2004

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

2005 Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation Results

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Using the Virginia Cooperative Extension Climate Analysis Web Tool to Better Manage and Predict Wheat Development

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Wheat development is affected by nutrients, water, light, and other factors; but temperature consistently determines how quickly or slowly plants move ahead in forming leaves, roots, tillers, and grain heads. The plant's development stage at any point during the season is affected very predictably by how warm or cool the season has been up to that point. This knowledge, combined with educated guesses about how the rest of the growing season will progress, can be extremely valuable information to the grower, who can then make more informed management decisions to include predicting the maturity/harvest schedule.

2007 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Book sections by pdf:

2008 Virginia Peanut Production Guide

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Book sections by pdf:

Defoliating Cotton under Adverse Conditions: Drought-stress, Cool Temperatures, and Rank Growth

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Modern chemical harvest aids are applied to induce leaf abscission, hasten mature-boll dehiscence, and inhibit regrowth (Gwathmey and Hayes 1997; Snipes and Cathey 1992). Their use can result in increased machine harvest efficiency and fewer lodged plants while reducing boll rot, the trash in seed cotton, and the time from defoliation to harvest (Benedict 1984). The challenge of using harvest aids is the inconsistent way cotton responds to them, making defoliation one of the most unpredictable management practices (Benedict 1984; Gwathmey and Hayes 1997).

Virginia Cotton Production Guide, 2008

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia Cotton Report, 2006: Evaluation of Chemicals and Variety Selection for Control of Nematodes in Cotton

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Virginia Cotton Report, 2006: Effect of Planting Date and Plant Populations on Growth and Yield of Cotton

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Cotton Harvest Aid Selection and Application Timing

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Soil Test Note #2 - Field Crops

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Planter/Drill Considerations for Conservation Tillage Systems

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

No-till planters and drills must be able to cut and handle residue, penetrate the soil to the proper seeding depth, and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Many different soil conditions can be present in the Mid-Atlantic region at planting time. Moist soils covered with residue, which may also be wet, can dominate during the late fall and early spring and occasionally, in the summer. Although this condition provides an ideal environment for seed germination, it can make it difficult to cut through the residue. In contrast, hard and dry conditions may also prevail. Although cutting residue is easier during dry conditions, it is more difficult to penetrate the hard, dry soils. Proper timing, equipment selection and adjustments, and crop management can overcome these difficult issues.

Equipment Considerations for No-till Soybean Seeding

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

No-till planters and drills must be able to cut and handle residue, penetrate the soil to the proper seeding depth, and establish good seed-to-soil contact. Many different soil conditions can be present at the time of planting in the Mid-Atlantic region. Moist soils covered with residue, which may also be wet, can dominate during late fall and early spring and occasionally in the summer. Although this provides for an ideal seed germination environment, such conditions can make it difficult to cut through residue. In contrast, hard and dry conditions may also prevail. This is especially common when no-tilling soybean into wheat stubble during the hot, dry months of June and July. Although cutting residue is easier during dry conditions, it is more difficult to penetrate the hard, dry soils. Proper timing, equipment selection and adjustments, and management can overcome these difficult issues.

Land Application of Broiler and Turkey Litter for Farming Operations Without a DEQ Permit

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Poultry litter (poultry manure and a bedding material such as sawdust, pine bark, or peanut hulls) is a good source of nutrients and organic matter for growing crops. Land application of poultry litter on farms has been the mainstay of effective and safe usage for years. Unfortunately, improper management of litter applications may cause nutrient enrichment and/or contamination of surface and ground water resources. The key to proper management is an understanding of the nutrients available in the litter, the nutrient requirements of the crops to be produced, and the potential for the litter and/or nutrients to reach surface or ground waters.

Manure Spreader Calibration for Rear-discharge Equipment -- Handling Solid and Semi-solid Manures and Poultry Litter

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

To maximize crop productivity and minimize adverse environmental effects, it is critical that land applications of manures meet, but not exceed, crop nutrient requirements. To assure that the actual manure application rate matches the desired application rate, manure-spreading equipment must be calibrated. The goal of manure spreader calibration is to determine the amount of manure, on a weight per unit area basis, that is being applied to a field. This publication describes three methods for manure spreader calibration for spreaders handling solid and semi-solid manures.

Agronomy Handbook, 2000

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

Curing Quality Peanuts in Virginia

Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400

This bulletin is written from the viewpoint that peanut production is a business and the grower is the manager of that business. It is the role of public service agencies to provide accurate information concerning the consequences of management decisions, not to tell growers how to run their business.

In Virginia, peanuts are typically combined at moisture contents ranging from 20 to 30 percent wet basis, i.e. 20 to 30 percent of the harvested weight is moisture. Near Suffolk, Virginia, peanuts seldom dry below 20 percent in the windrow. At other locations, when weather is favorable, peanuts may dry down to 10 percent in the windrow. In damp rainy weather, peanuts may be combined at moisture contents above 30 percent; consequently, peanut dryers must be designed to handle this "worst case" condition. No matter what the moisture is at combining, peanuts must he cured to 10 percent average moisture content before they can be sold. Peanut quality is influenced, sometimes quite significantly, by curing, both "natural" curing in the windrow and "artificial" curing in a drying trailer.

Applied Research On Field Crop Disease Control 2006

Tue, 28 Apr 2009 16:49:10 -0400

Virginia Soybean Variety Evaluation Tests 2006

Tue, 28 Apr 2009 10:26:54 -0400