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 <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Pesticide Applicator Manuals</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/VTTP/VTTP-2/VTTP-2.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2011 11:21:02 -0500</pubDate>
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  <category>Pesticide Education</category>
  <category>Agricultural Insects / Pests</category>
  <category>Crops</category>
  <category>Weeds</category>
  <category>Pasture &amp; Forage - Crops &amp; Soils</category>
  <category>Aquaculture &amp; Seafood</category>
  <category>Fisheries</category>
  <category>Forestry</category>
  <category>Home Pests</category>
  <category>Soils</category>
  <category>Home Systems</category>
  <category>Wildlife</category>
  <category>Garden Insects / Pests</category>
  <category>Pasture &amp; Forage - Animal Agriculture</category>
 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Common Diseases of Cultured Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis, and Its Hybrid  (M. saxitilis x M. chrysops)</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-080/600-080.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Thu, 10 Jun 2010 09:36:03 -0400</pubDate>
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  <category>Fisheries</category>
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  <title>Overview of Good Aquaculture Practices</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-054/600-054.html</link>
  <description>&lt;div xmlns:o=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/office&quot; xmlns:st1=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags&quot; xmlns:st2=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags2&quot; xmlns:w=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/word&quot; xmlns:x=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/excel&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aquaculture has seen rapid growth in the United States. In Virginia, aquaculture is expanding in the foodfish, baitfish, shellfish, and ornamental production sectors. Growth areas include pond production and indoor, intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Continued expansion of aquaculture in the state, as well as across the region and country, demands attention to both environmental and economic sustainability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Good aquaculture practices (GAqPs) are a series of considerations, procedures, and protocols designed to foster efficient and responsible aquaculture production and expansion and to help ensure final product quality, safety, and environmental sustainability. GAqPs include considerations for: site location; production system design; incoming seed stock; facility biosecurity; feeding management, procurement, and storage; production techniques to maximize fish health; harvest; and cleaning and sanitation basics to ensure final product quality and safety. This document provides an overview and general framework for GAqPs, oriented to Virginia&#8217;s growing pond and RAS aquaculture production sectors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 14 May 2010 15:35:57 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Pescados y Mariscos en Virginia - Inocuos y Nutritivos</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/348S/348-961S/348-961S.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Tue, 12 Jan 2010 09:23:00 -0500</pubDate>
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  <category>Health &amp; Nutrition</category>
  <category>Aquaculture &amp; Seafood</category>
  <category>Food Safety</category>
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 <item>
  <title>Artemia Culture for Intensive Finfish  and Crustacean Larviculture</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-106/600-106.html</link>
  <description>&lt;p&gt;In Virginia and throughout the United States, freshwater and saltwater finfish and shrimp aquaculture is expanding rapidly. During the cultivation of most marine finfish and shrimp species &#8211; as well as some freshwater species &#8211; live feeds are an essential component during the larviculture stage. During larviculture, the rotifer is the most commonly used live feed upon transition of the larvae from endogenous (internal energy reserves) to exogenous (external) feeding. Upon completion of the rotifer stage, the most commonly used live feed prior to conversion of the larva to a dry diet is Artemia.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 25 Sep 2009 10:35:59 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Rotifer Production (as a First Feed Item) for Intensive Finfish Larviculture</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-105/600-105.html</link>
  <description>&lt;p&gt;Live feeds are an integral component in the cultivation of most marine finfish species during larval stages. The first live feed that has demonstrated acceptability for most marine species, and which can typically be raised on a commercial scale, is the rotifer &lt;i&gt;Brachionous&lt;/i&gt; spp. While approximately two thousand species of rotifers have been identified, most culturists rely upon the marine rotifers &lt;i&gt;Brachionus plicatilis&lt;/i&gt; (L-strain) with a size range of 200 to 360 &#956;m and B. rotundiformis (s-strain) with a size range of 150 to 220 &#956;m (see figure 1). Rotifers are favored due to their size, their ability to be raised in mass cultures, and the fact that their nutrient composition can be quickly improved through the use of specialized enrichment diets.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Wed, 27 May 2009 09:35:23 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Getting Acquainted with Amyloodinium ocellatum</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-200/600-200.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Dealing with Trichodina and Trichodina-like species</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-205/600-205.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>HACCP Verification Procedures - Validation of Blue Crab Retort Processes</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-070/600-070.html</link>
  <description>&lt;p&gt;Processors in the state of Virginia that cook whole crabs and pick the meat for sale must be certified by Virginia Department of Health/Division of Shellfish Sanitation (DSS). They also are required to develop and implement a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan as part of the seafood HACCP regulation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <category>Food Safety</category>
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  <title>Intensive Marine Finfish Larviculture</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/600/600-050/600-050.html</link>
  <description>&lt;p&gt;Marine finfish production is a rapidly expanding field, both in research and industrial aquaculture. A driving force behind this growth is the inherently high value placed upon marine finfish products in the marketplace.&#160;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <title>Safe and Nutritious Seafood in Virginia</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/348/348-961/348-961.html</link>
  <description></description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <category>Health &amp; Nutrition</category>
  <category>Aquaculture &amp; Seafood</category>
  <category>Food Safety</category>
 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Should You Attempt Fish Farming? Considerations for Prospective Fish Growers</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-897/420-897.html</link>
  <description>Fish farming is an ancient practice that can provide
many profitable opportunities today. The raising and
selling of fish on a commercial basis has proven to be
economically successful throughout the United States.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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  <category>Fisheries</category>
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 <item>
  <title>Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feeds, and Feeding</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-256/420-256.html</link>
  <description>Good nutrition in animal production systems is essential to
economically produce a healthy, high quality product. In
fish farming, nutrition is critical because feed represents
40-50% of the production costs.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Commercial Frog Farming</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-255/420-255.html</link>
  <description>Raising and selling frogs on a commercial basis has
not proven to be successful economically in Virginia
or elsewhere in the United States to our knowledge.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Liming Acidified Lakes and Ponds</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-254/420-254.html</link>
  <description>&#8220;Liming,&#8221; as the word suggests, is the addition of limestone (calcite), primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3), to neutralize acid waters and soils and buffer them from rapid fluctuations in pH. Limestone typically is applied to lawns, gardens, pastures, and
croplands to supply calcium, an essential plant nutrient,
and to decrease soil acidity.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 <item>
  <title>The Control of Burrowing Crayfish in Ponds</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-253/420-253.html</link>
  <description>At times landowners may be confronted with serious water losses resulting from the sudden collapse or gradual deterioration of earthen pond dams, irrigation canals, and drainage ditches. Although the loss of water from small earthen impoundments is frequently due to faulty construction, it may also be the result of undetected biological forces.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Fish Kills: Their Causes and Prevention</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-252/420-252.html</link>
  <description>Fish die as a result of a wide variety of natural and unnatural causes. Fish may die of old age, starvation, body injury, stress, suffocation, water pollution, diseases, parasites, predation, toxic algae, severe weather, and other reasons.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Control Methods For Aquatic Plants in Ponds and Lakes</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-251/420-251.html</link>
  <description>&lt;div xmlns:o=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/office&quot; xmlns:st1=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags&quot; xmlns:st2=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/smarttags2&quot; xmlns:w=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/word&quot; xmlns:x=&quot;urn:www.microsoft.com/excel&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aquatic plants growing in ponds and lakes are beneficial for fish and wildlife. They provide food, dissolved oxygen, and spawning and nesting habitat for fish and waterfowl. Aquatic plants can trap excessive nutrients and detoxify chemicals. Aquatic wildflowers such as the water lily are sold and planted to provide floral beauty to garden ponds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, dense growths (over 25% of the surface area) of algae and other water plants can seriously interfere with pond recreation and threaten aquatic life. Water plants can restrict swimming, boating, fishing, and other water sports. Water plants can impart unpleasant taste (musty flavor), decaying vegetation emits offensive odors (rotten egg smell), and algae can discolor pond waters. Dense growths of plants can cause night time oxygen depletion and fish kills. Green plants produce oxygen in sunlight, but they consume oxygen at night. Decomposing water weeds can deplete the oxygen supply, resulting in sport fish kills from suffocation. Dense plant growths can provide too much cover, preventing predation, and leading to stunted (small-sized) sportfish populations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 </item>        
 <item>
  <title>Clearing Muddy Pond Waters</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-250/420-250.html</link>
  <description>&lt;p&gt;All other things being equal, clear water ponds can produce many more fish than muddy ponds. Muddy water reduces fish food availability, and interferes with the ability of fish to see and catch prey. Muddy waters favor blue-green algae and bacterial growth, which can impart a bad flavor to drinking water and food fish. Green water is usually the result of algae, which is another type of problem with a different solution than that discussed here. It is a sad irony that the same soil that is vital for agricultural production on land becomes a major pollutant when suspended in water.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 <item>
  <title>Planning for Commercial Aquaculture</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-012/420-012.html</link>
  <description>Aquaculture, the practice of growing finfish and shellfish under controlled conditions, is not a new concept. The Japanese, Chinese, Romans, Egyptians, and Mayan Indians of South America farmed fish for food and recreation prior to 2000 BC. They constructed ponds and raised fish much as fish are raised today. Both freshwater and saltwater fish are currently raised commercially throughout the world. Other fisheries-related products, such as shrimp, crayfish, oysters, clams, and frogs, are also raised commercially.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 <item>
  <title>Pond Construction: Some Practical Considerations</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-011/420-011.html</link>
  <description>Conservative estimates place the correct number
of farm ponds in Virginia at over 50,000. These
ponds range in size from less than one acre to over
30 acres in size. Unfortunately, many of these
ponds are so poorly constructed that they fail to
serve the purpose for which they were originally
designed; some may be unsafe.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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 <item>
  <title>Freshwater Fish Farming in Virginia: Selecting the Right Fish to Raise</title>
  <link>http://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-010/420-010.html</link>
  <description>In Virginia and throughout the United States, interest in fish farming for profit or as a hobby has increased in the past few years. Encouraged by the success of trout farmers in western states and catfish farmers in southern states, prospective fish farmers question if similar opportunities exist in Virginia&apos;s fresh waters.</description>
  <pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2009 01:00:00 -0400</pubDate>
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